general chemistry 9: solutions

A/an [...] is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances

solution

A/an [...] is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid or gaseous solute

solvent

[...] or [...] is the process of dissolving a solute in solvent

solvation or dissolution

[...] is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium

solubility

[...] is the number of moles of a substance that can be dissolved per liter of solution before the solution becomes saturated

molar solubility

A/an [...] has a metal ion at its center with a number of other molecules or ions surrounding it

complex ion

Polar molecules are [hydro...]

Nonpolar molecules are [hydro...]

polar = hydrophilic

nonpolar = hydrophobic

In a 1 molar solution, normality can be thought of as the [...]

number of protons a molecule of acid can release in solution

• for example, each molecule of H₂SO₄ can release two protons in solutions so its normality is 2

Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- are [sometimes or always] soluble

always soluble

Cl^-, Br^-, and I^- are [...] except with Pb²⁺, Hg₂²⁺, and Ag⁺

soluble

SO₄^2- is [...] except with Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg₂²⁺, and Ag⁺

soluble

S₂^- is [...] except with Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, and Ba²⁺

insoluble

O₂^- is [...] except with Na⁺, K⁺, Sr²⁺, and Ba²⁺

insoluble

OH^- is [...] except with Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, and Ba²⁺

insoluble

CrO₄^- is [...] except with Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and Mg²⁺

insoluble

PO₄^3- and CO₃^2- are [...] except with Na⁺, K⁺, and NH₄⁺

insoluble

K_sp​ is the [...] for a reaction that consists of a solid dissolving in a solution 

equilibrium constant

• the equlibrium constant for a regular chemcial reaction is abbreviated keq

Give the solubility product constant for the following chemical equation:

BaSO_4(s) ⇌ Ba²⁺_(aq) + SO₄^2-_(aq)

K_sp = [...]

K_sp = [Ba²⁺][SO₄^2-]

Q_sp is the [...] for a reaction that consists of a solid dissolving in a solution 

reaction quotient

• the reaction quotient for a regular chemical reaction is abbreviated Q_c

If Q_sp is [less than, greater than, or equal to] K_sp then the solution is unsaturated so no precipitate will form

less than

If Q_sp is [less than, greater than, or equal to] K_sp then the solution is saturated and at equilibrium so no precipitate will form

equal to

If Q_sp is [less than, greater than, or equal to] K_sp then the solution is supersaturated so a precipitate will form

greater

The common ion effect causes solubility to[increase or decrease]when adding like ions

decrease

A/an [...] is a compound with a central cation bonded to the same ligand in multiple places

chelate

[...] are physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of dissolved particles but not on their chemical identity

colligative properties

Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to [...]

the sum of the vapor pressure of each volatile component multiplied by the mole fraction of that component in the solution

• raoult law can be used to calculate the molecular mass of an unknown solute

The presence of nonvolatile solute particles in a liquid solvent results in a/an [increase or reduction] of the vapor pressure above a liquid

reduction

[...] is the number of individual particles in solution

osmolarity