Ch8 Orthopedics (muscle) disease

Atrophy

Loss of bulk of muscle

Avulsion

condition in which a

• muscle tears away from a tendon 

• a tendon tears a way from a bone

Compartment Syndrome

Severe trauma causes bleeding and the fascia compartmentalizes the blood, causing severe pressure on the tissue

Contracture

Condition where muscle becomes more flexed and eventually stuck in an immovable position

Fibromyalgia

Pain at specific trigger points in the muscles of the neck, hips, and back.

Hyperextension

Injury caused by a person’s head snapping back abruptly, whiplash

Hyperflexion

Injury caused be a person’s head snapping forward abruptly, whiplash

Muscle Consusion

Bleeding inside a muscle due to blunt trauma, BRUISE

Muscle Spasm

painful temporary condition in which a muscle suddenly and severely contracts involuntarily 

Muscle strain

Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon, pulled muscle

Muscular Dystrophy (MD)

Group of muscle diseases where protein dystrophin is mutated and lacking

• Muscles grow weaker and go into atrophy 

• Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

Myalgia

Pain in a muscle due to injury or muscle disease

Myopathy

A general category of muscle diseases

Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune disorder where the body produces antibodies to acetylcholine receptors

• Destroys receptors and causes rapid muscle fatigue

Myositis

Inflammation of muscle w/ localized swelling or tenderness

Repetitive strain injury (RSI)

Injury to muscles, tendons, and/or nerves resulting from repetitive movements over an extended period of time

• AKA cumulatie trauma disorder

Rhabdomyoma

Benign tumor of the muscle. Contains immature rod shaped cells

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Cancerous tumor of the muscle found in children and young adults

Ataxia

Incoordination of the muscles when walking/moving

Bradykinesia

Slow muscle movements or a decrease in number of spontaenous movements

• Parkinson’s

Dyskinesia

Involuntary motion of voluntary muscles

• ticks, spasms, jerking

hyperkinesis

Abnormally increased amount of muscle movements

Tremor

Small, involuntary back and forth movements of the hands, head, jaw, or extremities

bursitis

Inflammation of the bursal sac due to repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on the bone underneath the bursa

Dupuytren contracture

Progressive disease where the fascia in the palm thickens and shortens, causing contracture and flexion deformities in the fingers.

Epicondylitis

Inflammation of muscles and tendons originating on the bone protrusion 

• Lateral= tennis elbow

• medial= golfer'/pitcher’s elbow

Fasciitis

Inflammation of the fascia around a muscle, frequently on bottom of foot

Ganglion

Semisolid or fluid containing cyst that grows on a tendon

Shin splints

Pain and inflammation of the tendons and flexor muscles due to stress

tendinitis

Inflammation of any tendon due to injury or overuse

Acetylcholine receptor antibody test

test that detects that the body produces against its own acetylcholine receptors; used to diagnose myasthenia gravis (weakness of muscle)

Electromyography (EMG)

Procedure in which a needle electrode is inserted into a muscle to record the electrical activity of the muscle as it contracts or relaxes

• used to diagnose muscle/nerve diseases

Brace

Orthopedic device that supports and straightens a body part while still permitting movement

Adaptive or assistive device

Device that increases mobility and independence by helping patient perform activities of daily living (ADLs)

ADLs

activities of daily living 

Deep Tendon Reflexes

Procedure that tests whether the muscular-nervous pathway is functioning normally

• Knee-Jerk test

Muscle Strength Test

Press against a part of patient’s body and patient pushes against the force

Rehab Exercises

Exercises included in a physical therapy rehab plan

RICE

Rest, ice, compress, elevate

Trigger point injections

Treats fibromyalgia which a local anesthetic and a corticosteroid are injected into a trigger point to decrease pain and inflammation

Analgesics

treats muscle pain, over the counter or precription

Beta-Blockers

Helps relieve tremors by blocking the action of epinephrine

Corticosteroids

Decrease severe inflammation, taken orally or injected into muscle/fascia

Dopamine Stimulants

Treats restless leg syndrome by stimulating dopamine receptors

Drugs for Fibromyalgia

Include medications to relieve pain, relax muscles, and affect calcium channels to treat pain at specific trigger points in the muscles of the neck, hips, and back.

Drugs for Myasthenia Gravis

inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine allowing acetylcholine to continue stimulating muscle receptors

Muscle Relaxtants

Relieves muscle spasms and stiffness

NSAID

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

• Decreases mild t moderate inflammation and pain

Fasciectomy

Procedure to partially or totally remove the fascia

• treats dupuytren contracture

Fasciotomy

Procedure to cut the fascua and release pressure build up from within

• treats compartment syndrome

ganglionectomy

Procedure to remove a ganglion from a tendon

Muscle Biopsy

Procedure to diagnose a potential cause of muscle weakness by removing a small amount of muscle tissue via incision or needle

Myorrhaphy

Procedure to suture together a torn muscle

Tennorhaphy

Procedure to suture together a torn tendon