Analysis of Human Movement Lecture Exam 1

Plane that flexes and extends

Sagittal

Plane that ab/adducts

Coronal/frontal

Plane that rotates

Transverse

Open chain

Distal end can move freely and isn’t stabilized

Standing single arm overhead press

Closed Chain

Distal end is fixed

Back Squat

Longer lever

Easier

Shorter Lever

Harder

Muscles generate force when they….

Contract

External Forces

Any force from outside the body (resistance from weights)

Class 1 lever

Load, fulcrum, force

Class 2 lever

fulcrum, load, force

Class 3 lever

Fulcrum, force, load

A 65 year old needs to reach for an item on a high shelf in the kitchen

Shoulder: Fulcrum

Weight of arm and Item: Load

Muscles: Force/effort

A 75 year old has difficulty standing from seated position

fulcrum: Hips, knees, and feet

Load: Body weight

Effort:Thighs, calfs, feet

What are bones made of?

Collagen and calcium

This bone type provides more rigid support and has a greater mineral content

Corticol

This bone type is found at the end of long bones and can absorb compressive loads

Cancellous

Ends of long bones are covered with dense connective tissue called____ which cushions to absorb compressive forces

Articular

Ligament

Bone→bone

Tendon

Bone→muscle

What forms dense fiberous sleeve?

Joint capsuls lubricated with synovial fluid

Fiberous insertion that connects adjacent muscles…

Aponeurosis

Torn ligament

Bad stability

Torn tendon

Poor muscle movement

Joints act as

Fulcrums

Bones act as

Levers

Individual Muscle fibers

Myofibers

Group of muscle fibers

Fascicle

Wraps individual muscle fibers with connective tissue and contains capillaries and nerve fibers that innervate and supply individual muscle fibers

Endomecium

Surrounds muscle fibers

Group of muscle fibers wrapped in a connective tissue sleeve

Surrounds fascicles

Perimecium

Connective tissue sleeve that surrounds groups of fascicles forming the entire muscle and converging at the end of the muscle to form tendons

Surrounds the entire muscle

Epimecium

Long cylindrical strands of contractile proteins

Myofibrils

Unit of muscle that contains Actin(Thin) and Myosin (Thick)

Sarcomere

Muscle is strongest at what range?

Mid range

Single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

Motor unit

Muscle that require fine motor control have what size motor units?

Small

Muscles that generate powerful movements require what size motor units?

Large

Tetanic Muscle Contraction

Sum of many motor units firing

Covering over muscle that creates tension

Fascia

Hypotonia

Loss of nerve innervation at a muscle

• paralysis, stroke

Hypertonia

Unregulated contractile signals coming from the CNS

• Cerebral Palsey

• Traumatic brain injury

• Tourettes

elongated encapsualted structures located within muscle fibers

elongated encapsualted structures located within muscle fibers

Sends signals of changes in muscle lengths to protect muscle from injury

Reflex activates a muscle to contract if it is overstretched

Stretch reflex

Low force over a long period of time

Slow twitch

High force over a short period of time

Long twitch

Learned patterns of motion

Motor pattern

Generates the most force

Agonist

Opposes the action of the primary muscle

Antagonist

Muscles that stabilize the origin of the agonist

Stabilizer

assists the agonist

Synergist

2+ muscles act in opposite directions to produce the same motion

Force Couple

Force Couple

Upper trap: Pulls scapula downward and medially

Lower Trap: Pulls scap downward and medially

Serratus anterior: Pulls scap laterally and down

These muscles are working to rotate the scapula upward to raise arm overhead

Isometric

Contraction without a change

• Stabilize

Eccentric

Muscle lengthens

• Lower

Concentric

Muscle Shortens

• lift or pull

Passive insufficiency

Muscle is stretched to where it cannot be stretched more

Active insufficiency

Muscle cannot generate enough force because it is too shortened

• Making a strong fist while wrist is flexed

Joint is the connection between

2 bones

What are the 3 types of joints

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Closed pack position

Maximal contact and max tension

• Knee fully extended

Open pack position

least surface contact of surrounding ligaments, string mobility

How many joint types are there?

6

Fibrous Joint

Skull, No give

Cartilaginous Joint

Spine, ribs, pubic synthesis, some give

Synovial Joint

Lubricated shoulder, knee, elbow

Ball and Socket

Shoulder, hip

Bone fits into concave depression of another bone, Most mobile

Condyloid/ Elipsodyle

Metacarpal to proximal digit

oval shaped, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

Hinge Joint

Elbow and fingers

Only flexion and extension

Saddle Joint

Thumb

flexion and extension, abduction and adduction with limited rotation

Plane Joint

Acromioclavicular Joint

Found between 2 flat surfaces of adjacent bones, glides

Pivot Joint

Proximal radial ulnar, Atlantoaxial

Single axis with one bone rotating around another

Compress

Weight Bearing

Distract

Traction

Gliding

Move across

Spin

one joint rotates around stationary surface (Hip, Shoulder)

CNS

Brain and Spinal cord

Brain

Receives and processes sensory info, plans and initiates, regulates body systems, stores memories

Spinal Cord

Conducts signals to and from the brains and controls certain reflexes

PNS

Afferent and efferent Neurons

Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates Involuntary functions of the body

Somatic Nervous System

Controls voluntary muscle contraction and movement

Innervate straited skeletal muscle

voluntary

visceral motor and sensory fibers

• transmits motor and sensory commands to and from organs

• maintains homeostasis

Sympathetic Nervous system (ANS)

Fight or Flight

nerves arise from thoracic and lumbar

innervates glands, organs, and head

Parasympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Rest and Digest

nerves arise from brain stem and sacral spinal cord

innervates organs, glands, and head

Neuron

Nerve cell

Axon and DEndrite

Unipolar (Single Axon)

Multipolar (Multiple Dendrites)

Axon

Conducts signals away from cell body

Dendrites

Conducts information toward cell body

Nerves

Bundles of axons

Endoneurium

Around each axon

Perineurium

around each fascicle

Epineurium

Around each group of fascicles

Occupation, Sensory Neuron, Sensory receptor, Brain→

Spinal cord, electrical impulse, motor neuron, Muscle, Movement

Brainstem

Heart rate, blood pressure, reflexes, breathing, coughing, swallowing

Spinal Nerves

31 pairs

Connect PNS to CNS

8 cervical

12 Thoracic

5 Lumbar

5 Sacral

1 Coccygeal

C1-C7 exit where?

Above vertebrae

C8-L5 Exit where?

Below Vertebrae

Ventral Rami

Innervates ventral body wall and all limb parts

Dorsal Rami

Innervates Skin and Muscles of back

Dermatomes

Area of skin supplied by an individual spinal nerve

Used to assess level of Spinal Column Injury

4 spinal nerve plexuses

Cranial, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral

Cervical plexus

c1-c4

Innervate neck muscles, diaphragm

Formed by ventral rami