Hist 1301 Exam 2 key terms

Second Continental Congress 

A convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met in Philadelphia in 1775, it managed the colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence, eventually adopting the Declaration of Independence on July 4 1776.

Drafting the Articles of Confederation to form a new, more permanent government.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that advocated for American independence from Britain and argued for the creation of a democratic republic.

He presented a clear and persuasive case to the colonists, explaining that British rule was the source of their problems and that the only way to resolve them was to break away from the monarchy and create their own government based on self-governance and individual rights and attacked monarchy (not literally)

Huge influence that led to declaration of independence

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 17

Major General William Howe, who had arrived in Boston with reinforcements, ordered an attack on the heights at Charlestown. The Americans fortified Breed’s Hill, which they misidentified as Bunker Hill, and met the better-equipped regulars. So British successfully got the hills.

Although the colonial forces retreated to end the battle, they claimed victory in proving they could hold up against greater numbers of well-trained soldiers.

The British also suffered their heaviest casualty rate of the entire war: of 2,500 soldiers, 228 died and 826 were wounded. US victory because of this.

Loyalists

American colonists held onto their British identities / British Crown during American Revolution. Opposed Rebellion and Supported British Rule. Some fled  after the war.

Joseph Brant

Mohawk war chief who was prominent British ally during american rev war.

Lead loyalists and indigenous forces in raids to NY

Moved to Ontario with indigenous ppl to advocate for lands

YorkTown

inn 1776, British Lord Cornwallis surrendered, ending American Revolution. 

American + French forces defeated British Army, led British gov to negotiate peace and led US to their independence 

Lafayette joined and was a French spy that played major role in recruitment and french support of US

Articles of Confederation

1st constitution of the US.

Created weak central gov because Congress coordinated national policy, but states exercised great power directly over their citizens.

Such as gov couldnt levy taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce treaties, or no national court system

Gradual emancipation

a process of phasing out slavery over time through laws, rather than immediate abolition, for instance, if u were born later than a certain date u would not be born free. Or under certain ages, serving certain years, conditional freedom

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1816, aimed to relocate free Black people from the United States to Africa or a colony in west Africa

Racist motive, Many Southerners supported the society as a way to remove free Black individuals, whom they saw as a threat to the racial hierarchy and the institution of slavery. 

Most free African Americans rejected the ACS's efforts, as they considered the United States their home and did not want to emigrate to Africa. 

The society continued its work, primarily focused on Liberia, until it officially dissolved in 1964

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

the Confederation Congress that established a process for organizing western territories and admitting them as new states on equal footing with the original states

It also banned slavery in the territory, guaranteed religious freedom and trial by jury, and promoted public education by setting aside land for schools. Northwest expansion of territory into Great Lakes Area

Shays’ Rebellion

An armed insurrection by indebted Massachusetts farmers led by Daniels Shays to prevent the state government from seizing their property as Massachusetts was in a monetary debt crisis

Ended from Massachusetts state militia led by Gen Lincoln

Vigrinia and New Jersey Plans

Virginia Plan proposed a bicameral/ two house legislature w proportional rep based on population, favoring larger states.

the New Jersey Plan called for a unicameral (one-house) legislature with equal representation for every state, regardless of size

The primary difference was how states would be represented in the legislative branch, which was eventually resolved by the Great Compromise, creating a bicameral legislature with both proportional and equal representation.  

Battle of Fallen Timbers

, a struggle between Native American tribes affiliated with the Northwestern Confederacy and their British allies, against the nascent United States for control of the Northwest Territory.

broke forever the power of the American Indians in the eastern region of the Northwest Territory

Bill of Rights

the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It spells out Americans' rights in relation to their government. It guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual—like freedom of speech, press, and religion.

Toussaint Louverture

a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution

born as a slave in the French colony

rose to become a brilliant military and political leader, defeating the Spanish, British, and French forces to guide his nation toward independence from France.

Judith Sargent Murray

Wrote essays that women should receive proper education, sexual equality

An American Advocate for women’s equality

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1791, uprising against tax on distributed Spirits. Farmers affected by tax on income and became violent against tax collectors. Washington called militia to arrest them and this had fed gov take action, solidifiying new constitution

Jay’s treaty 

Controversial treaty that had British withdrawal from military posts in US northwest territory by June 1796. Resolved American ships seized by the British and trade w Briitish. Opponents of the treaty charged that it was openly pro-British.

Gentleman

man entitled to bear arms but not included in the nobility. In its original and strict sense the term denoted a man of good family,

Gentleman John Burgoyne He is most famous for his role in the American Revolutionary War, specifically the failed British campaign of 1777 that culminated in his surrender at the Battle of Saratoga and led alliance between US and France

Pinckney’s Treaty

also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo

The treaty granted the U.S. access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans, allowing for greater trade and expansion into the western territories, from Spanish terrtiory. Defined river as border

XYZ Affair

3 French agents demanded a bribe from American Diplomats to begin negotiations w peace of French gov. US seizing ships French wanted ceasefire

Alien and Sedition Acts

The three “Alien” acts severely restricted immigration into the United States and gave the president power to deport anyone thought to be dangerous—even for spreading radical political ideas.

Increased residency requirement for citizenship from 5-14 years targeted new immigrants to deport without trial

Gabriel’s Rebellion

Inspired by Haitain Rebellion 

Aug 24 1800, planned to capture Monroe in Richmond Virginia, however plan was leaked by slaves and him and the other were executed with at least 25 of them. Never fully went thru but a planned slave uprising from slaves

Marbury v. Madison

it established the principle of judicial review, the Supreme Court's power to declare laws passed by Congress unconstitutional.

he case concerned a battle over a patronage job between one of Adams’s Federalist appointees and Democratic-Republican secretary of state James Madison.

Louisiana Purchase

it doubled the size of the United States, giving it vast territory for westward expansion and control of the Mississippi River for trade.

$15 million purchase from France, gave US control of river and new orleans.

It removed French imperial ambitions in North America and diminished the ability of other European powers, such as Spain and Great Britain, to invade the U.S. from the west. 

Sacajawea

Shoshone woman who was captured and married. Key figure in guiding Louis and Clark expedition 1804-1806 to explore the new land of Louisiana purchase

Tecumseh

Shawnee Chief who promoted resistance to the expansion of the United States onto Native American lands from William Henry Harrison. Declared war of Battle of tippeande in 1811 , which they were defeated and caused hostility. Died in War of 1812 / battle of thames

War of 1812   

the attempt and failure of the USA to invade Canada

Fought between the United States and Great Britain over issues including British interference with American trade, the impressment of American sailors into the British navy, and American expansionism into territories like Canada and the American West

the Shawnee chief Tecumseh allied with the British to fight against the United States, aiming to create a pan-Indian confederacy to defend Native American lands

The War of 1812 had three main effects: a surge of nationalism in the US, the demise of the Federalist Party, and stimulated Westward expansion

Jemima Wilkinson

a prominent religious leader and the founder of a Utopian colony in the late 18th century aka founded an unorthodox Christian sect, the Universal Friends,

Had a near a death experience and changed to gendery neutral/non binary

Adams-Onís Treaty

1819, between spain and us where spain ceded Tx and west states of louisiana purchase, while us claimed florida and east states. defined border of river

In exchange for Florida, the U.S. agreed to assume $5 million in claims its citizens had against Spain and recognized Spanish claims to what is now Texas.  

Missouri Compromise

1820-1821 admitted missouri as a slave state and maine as free in order to balance power between free and slave states. also banned slavery in the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory