Functional Groups

Alkane (Alkyl)

Single bonds. only carbons

Alkene (Alkenyl)

Double bonds between carbons

Alkyne (Alkynyl)

carbon–carbon triple bond

Phenyl

Alcohol (Hydroxyl)

OH Group

Ether

Oxygen with 2 R groups (carbon)

Epoxide

Amine

Imine

Carbon-nitrogen double bond

Enamine

Nitrile/Isonitrile (Cyano)

-C≡N.

Carbonyl

carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom

Aldehyde

A carbonyl group (C=O) located at the end of a carbon chain.

Ketone

A carbonyl group (C=O) located within a carbon chain, with two carbon substituents.

Ester

Carboxylic Acid

1 carbon chain

meth-

2 carbon chain

eth-

3 carbon chain

prop-

4 carbon chain

but-

5 carbon chain

pent-

6 carbon chain

hex-

7 carbon chain

hept-

8 carbon chain

oct-

9 carbon chain

non-

10 carbon chain

dec-

The suffix for substituents

-yl

The suffix for the main chain

-ane

order in which the substituents go when writing name

alphabetical order by number of carbons in chain (ex: but-) except iso for some fucking reason

Ph

Benzene ring

Me

Methyl group - CH3

Ar

Aromatic “rings” with double bonds - not on exam

2 pi bonds

sp - hybridization

1 pi bond

sp2

0 pi bonds

sp3

Formal Charge

Group # - number of bonds - unshared e-

Wedge

out of page

Hash

into page

What is resonance structure?

moving of pi bonds - sigma bonds don’t matter.
“not real” hybrid allows you to tell reactivity of an atom/how it will behave in a flask.
involve curvy arrows
must lead to a change in charge
shares the burden of the charges between atoms
stabilizing to the molecule

Rules for drawing resonance structures

negative charges placed on more EN atoms
number of charges reduced
no octet violations
make sure it can’t be “cancelled out”

Atom has to many e

octet violation

Atom doesn’t have enough e-

incomplete octet

Octet exceptions (in this class)

Sulfur and Phosphorus can have depleted octets. Only down to 6. Ignore hybridization.

Rules for drawing resonance hybrids

draw all partial charges
brackets
dotted lines

Tips for drawing resonance structures

1. # the atoms

2. draw the Hs

3. draw the lone pairs

Lewis acids and bases

H+ donors and receivers - the default when “acid” or “base” is said

Strength of Acid and Bases Relationship + Acronym

strong acids come from weak bases and visa versa
RSHE - most to least important
Resonance
Size - only applies to things in different rows (make into separate question if you don’t remember)
Hybridization
Electronegativity

Hybridization and Acid Sregth

The more S (sp>sp2>Sp3) the more acidic

Bronsted acids and bases

e- donors and receptors
R is not H

Nucleophile

“nucleous likes” - forms bond by donating e- - seeks positive center
Lewis Base

Electrophile

“electron likes” - forms bonds by accepting e-
Lewis Acid

Isopropyl

substituent with middle carbon of a three carbon chain connected to the main chain

propanol

idk why this is here just mark it right - not on test