Ch. 26 Urinary

Arrange the following structures in correct sequence:
(1) ureter
(2) renal pelvis
(3) calyx
(4) urinary bladder
(5) urethra

3, 2, 1, 4, 5

The ureter expands into the substance of the kidney as the

renal pelvis

The tip of each renal pyramid is called

renal papilla

The juxtamedullary nephrons

have long loops of Henle

The renal corpuscle consists of

the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

Which of the following layers of the filtration membrane is closest to the plasma?
podocytes
macula densa
glomerular endothelium
the basement membrane
parietal layer of Bowman's capsule

glomerular endothelium

Filtration slits is the name given to the

gaps between the podocyte processes in the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule

Choose the term that does not belong.
glomerulus
macula densa
juxtaglomerular cells
juxtaglomerular apparatus
afferent arteriole

glomerulus

The renal corpuscle connects to the

proximal convoluted tubule

Arrange the following in the sequence in which filtrate moves through them.
(1) loop of Henle
(2) Bowman's capsule
(3) distal convoluted tubule
(4) proximal convoluted tubule

2, 4, 1, 3

One feature of renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that

each nephron has at least two capillary networks

Trace the path of a red blood cell from the renal artery to the glomerulus:
(1) interlobar artery
(2) interlobular artery
(3) segmental artery
(4) arcuate artery
(5) afferent arteriole

3, 1, 4, 2, 5

Urine formation involves

filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate

The part of the cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is the

renal fraction

What percent of filtrate becomes urine?

less than 1%

In glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the filtration membrane increases allowing proteins to cross the membrane. Which of the following would you expect to observe?
-increase in filtration volume
-anuria - no urine production
-necrosis of the renal corpuscle
-low protein levels in the filtrate
-no change in the filtrate

increase in filtration volume

If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure.
glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg
blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg
capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg

50 mmHg

In the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation, what is the response to an increase in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole?

constriction of the afferent arteriole

Substances that are cotransported into proximal convoluted tubule cells include

glucose molecules with sodium ions

Arrange the following in correct order.
(1) cotransport molecule binds to sodium and glucose
(2) establish sodium concentration gradient between tubular cells and tubular lumen
(3) sodium and glucose moved into tubular cell
(4) active transport of sodium from tubular cells to interstitial area

4, 2, 1, 3

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle,

potassium and chloride are cotransported with sodium across the apical membrane

The collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules

vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present

When ADH binds to receptor sites on distal convoluted tubule cells,

the distal convoluted tubule is more permeable to water

Which of the following are most likely to be actively secreted into the distal convoluted tubule?
-potassium ions.
-chloride ions.
-bicarbonate.
-amino acids.
-sodium.

potassium ions

Tubular secretion occurs in which of the following structures?
-glomerulus
-urethra
-renal pelvis
-distal convoluted tubule
-collecting duct

distal convoluted tubule

The ability of the kidney to concentrate urine depends on

a high medullary concentration gradient

A countercurrent mechanism is in

both the loop of Henle and the vasa recta

Which of the following would help maintain the medullary concentration gradient?
-movement of urea from the distal convoluted tubule to the proximal convoluted tubule
-urea movement from the collecting duct to medullary interstitial fluid
-movement of water from the ascending limb into the medullary interstitial fluid
-active transport of sodium and chloride from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct
-urea movement into the collecting duct

urea movement from the collecting duct to medullary interstitial fluid

Which structure removes excess water and solutes from the kidney's medullary interstitial fluid?
-distal convoluted tubule
-collecting duct
-loop of Henle
-vasa recta
-proximal convoluted tubule

vasa recta

The filtrate that drips from the renal papillae into the calyces

has a higher concentration of waste products (urea) than the original filtrate, may have lost up to 99% of its original waste, and is called urine

Some lung cancers secrete large amounts of ADH. This causes increased water reabsorption in the

distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts

Diabetes insipidus is the result of decreased

ADH production

The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes

renin

Angiotensin II

stimulates aldosterone secretion

Aldosterone targets cells in the

distal convoluted tubule

Consumption of alcohol increases urine production by

inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

Blood loss that occurs during surgery will stimulate cells in the

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles results in

increased renin secretion

A substance that is useful for determining the plasma clearance rate of the kidney is

insulin

Decreased plasma clearance can indicate

renal failure

What is/are the main excretory organ/s of the body?

kidneys

Which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney?
A. urine storage
B. excretion of waste
C. maintenance of fluid balance
D. regulate synthesis of vitamin D
E. regulate synthesis of RBCs

A

Arrange the following structures in correct sequence:
(1) ureter
(2) renal pelvis
(3) calyx
(4) urinary bladder
(5) urethra

3, 2, 1, 4, 5

Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at the

hilum

The portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is called the

medulla

Cortical tissue located between the pyramids is called the

renal columns

The tip of each renal pyramid is called

renal papilla

The renal papillae extend into the

minor calyces

The structural and functional units of the kidney are called

nephrons

Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?
A. loop of Henle
B. collecting duct
C. renal corpuscle
D. proximal convoluted tubule
E. distal convoluted tubule

B

The renal corpuscle consists of

glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule

is part of the filtration membrane and contains podocytes

The inner layer of Bowman's capsule consists of specialized cells called

podocytes

Filtration slits is the name given to the

gaps between the podocyte processes in the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule

The filtration membrane consists of the

podocytes, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of

juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa

The renal corpuscle connects to the

proximal convoluted tubule

Urine drains from the nephron into the calyces through the

collecting duct

What type of cells form the proximal convoluted tubule?

simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

One feature of renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that

each nephron has at least two capillary networks

Which of these vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillary?

efferent arteriole

The urinary bladder stores

urine until it is voided

Urine formation involves

filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate

The active transport of substances into the filtrate is called tubular

secretion

The amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the

glomerular filtration rate

What percent of filtrate becomes urine?

less than 1%

Passage of proteins into Bowman's capsule is prevented by

the size of the capillary pores, the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes, and the size of the proteins

Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by

increasing net filtration pressure

If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure.
glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg
blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg
capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg

50mmHg

Which of the following events would increase filtration pressure?
A. increase in capsular pressure
B. constriction of the efferent arteriole
C. increase in colloid osmotic pressure
D. decrease in renal blood flow
E. dilation of the efferent arteriole

B

What is the effect of intense sympathetic stimulation on the GFR?

GFR decreases

Substances that are cotransported into proximal convoluted tubule cells include

glucose molecules with sodium ions

The proximal convoluted tubule is

the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption

Glucose is usually completely reabsorbed from the filtrate by the time the filtrate has reached the

end of the proximal convoluted tubule

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle,

potassium and chloride are cotransported with sodium across the apical membrane

Which of the following ions are cotransported across the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
A. sodium and bicarbonate
B. potassium and phosphate
C. sodium and chloride
D. bicarbonate and potassium
E. potassium and chloride

C

The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when

ADH production increases

When ADH binds to receptor sites on distal convoluted tubule cells,

the distal convoluted tubule is more permeable to water

Hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate by both the

proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Potassium ions enter the lumen of the _____ by the process of active transport.

distal covoluted tubule

Tubular secretion occurs in which of the following structures?
A. glomerulus
B. urethra
C. renal pelvis
D. distal convoluted tubule
E. collecting duct

D

Which of the following statements is true?
A. Most filtrate (99%) is eliminated as urine.
B. Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein.
C. Reabsorption of water in the filtrate may be hormonally controlled.
D. Sodium ions are secreted into the filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E. Hormones play a minor role in fluid homeostasis.

C

The vasa recta collects

excess water and solutes from the medullary interstitial fluid

A countercurrent mechanism is in

both the loop of Henle and the vasa recta

Which of the following helps maintain a high solute concentration in the kidney medulla?
A. high urea concentration in medulla
B. active transport of solutes from ascending limb
C. the vasa recta
D. functions of the loop of Henle
E. All of these choices are correct

E

Starting from the collecting duct, indicate the order in which urea molecules move to maintain the medullary concentration gradient.
(1) ascending limb
(2) distal convoluted tubule
(3) interstitial fluid
(4) collecting duct
(5) descending limb

4, 3, 5, 1, 2

Which structure removes excess water and solutes from the kidney's medullary interstitial fluid?
A. distal convoluted tubule
B. collecting duct
C. loop of Henle
D. vasa recta
E. proximal convoluted tubule

D

By the time filtrate reaches the tip of the loop of Henle, _____ of the filtrate volume has been reabsorbed.

80%

Filtrate reabsorption, which occurs regardless of the concentration and volume of urine produced, is referred to as

obligatory

Some lung cancers secrete large amounts of ADH. This causes increased water reabsorption in the

distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts

Decreased ADH levels results in a urine high in

water content

Removal of the posterior pituitary will immediately cause

an increase in urine volume

The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes

renin

The kidneys produce renin when

the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases

Which of the following is NOT an action of angiotensin II?
A. vasoconstriction of arterioles
B. increases thirst
C. increases ADH secretion
D. decreases peripheral resistance
E. increases aldosterone secretion

D

Aldosterone targets cells in the

distal convoluted tubule

Lasix is a diuretic that blocks the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending loop of Henle. The result of giving this drug would be

increased urine output

ADH increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts by

incorporating aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane.

Autoregulation in the kidney involves changes in the degree of

constriction of afferent arterioles

If extracellular fluid osmolality is 385 mOsm/kg, the kidneys will increase reabsorption of

water