CLSC 2429 COVID-19

What is a coronavirus, and where does its name come from?

Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that infect humans and animals. The name "corona" (meaning crown) comes from the virus's spikes.

Name three main structural protein components of the coronavirus.

Spike glycoprotein (S) , Membrane protein (M) , and Envelope protein (E). The core contains the Nucleocapsid protein (N) and RNA.

What is a zoonotic infection, and what animal is associated with the MERS coronavirus?

A zoonotic infection is one that comes from animals. Camels are associated with the MERS coronavirus.

Where and when did SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) originate, and what was its initial source?

It originated in Wuhan, China, in 2019 , associated with an animal market , and quickly led to a global pandemic.

List the four general categories of symptoms caused by coronaviruses.

Mild respiratory infections , mild intestinal illnesses , pneumonia , and flu-like symptoms.

What are the three stages of the SARS-CoV-2 disease progression?

Stage 1: Asymptomatic, Stage 2: Upper airway and conducting airway response , and Stage 3: Hypoxia.

Describe the purpose of the three phases of clinical trials in vaccine development.

Phase I: Small groups of people receive the trial vaccine.

Phase II: The study is expanded to people with similar characteristics (age/health) to the intended recipients.

Phase III: The vaccine is given to thousands of people and tested for efficacy and safety.

What are the main overall stages of vaccine development?

Exploratory stage , pre-clinical stage , clinical development , and regulatory review and approval.

What final step is required for a vaccine to be fully approved, and what temporary measure may be used?

Final approval comes from the FDA. Temporary authorization may be granted via an EUA (Emergency Use Authorization).

Data from which two previous coronaviruses greatly contributed to the development of COVID-19 vaccines?

Data from MERS and SARS greatly contributed to the initial development.