17.1 aldehydes & ketones

Forming carbonyls
> o__ of a__ w/ a__ K__/KMnO₄
>> primary → a__ → carboxylic acid
>> secondary → k__

oxidation, alcohol, acidified K2Cr2O7, aldehyde, ketone

Reactions of carbonyls
1. r__ w/ __/NaBH₄
> aldehyde → __ alc
> ketone → __ alc

reduction, LiAlH4, primary, secondary

Reactions of carbonyls
2. n__ a__ w/ __ & K__ catalyst
> C≡__ added to carbonyl → h__nitrile
> 1 extra _ is added bc of CN

nucleophilic addition, HCN, KCN, N, hydroxy, C

Nucleophilic addition mechanism
1. n__ attack:

2. p__

nucleophilic, protonation

Testing if aldehyde/ketone is present:
Use _,_-D__
> a c__ reaction occurs between NH₂ & O=C → N_C
> +ve result: o__ ppt
> to find what carbonyl, find m__ of ppt

2,4-DNPH, condensation, =, orange, mp

Distinguishing between aldehydes & ketones (m__ oxidation)
> K__/KMnO₄ too s__ & gives f__ reading if a__ is present thus use mild oxidising agents
> k__ cant be o__ easily
> use T__’ or F__

mild, K2Cr2O7, strong, false, alcohol, ketones, oxidised, Tollens’, Fehlings

Distinguishing between aldehyde/ketone: Tollens’ reagent
> Tollens’ is alkaline A__(aq) in XS NH₃
> w__ w/ a__: oxidised → c__ acid & Ag⁺ reduced → __
>> in a__ conditions: carboxylic acid → c__ ion (COO^-) + salt
> +ve (has aldehyde): Ag forms s__ m__
> -ve (has k__): stays c__

AgNO3, warm, aldehyde, carboxylic, Ag, alkaline, carboxylate, silver mirror, ketone, colourless

Distinguishing between aldehyde/ketone: Fehling’s soln
> Fehling’s is alkaline C_^__(aq)
> w__ w/ a__: oxidised → c__ acid & Cu²⁺ reduced → __^__
>> in a__ conditions: carboxylic acid → c__ ion (COO^-) + salt
> +ve (has aldehyde): clear b__ → o__ r__ ppt
> -ve (has k__): stays c__ b__

Cu2+, warm, aldehyde, carboxylic, Cu+, alkaline, carboxylate, blue, opaque red, ketone, clear blue

Making tri-iodomethane (iodoform, CHI₃)
> formed when m__ k__ react w/ h__ I₂ in a__ soln → y__ ppt
>> also works for e__
TWO step:
1. h__: all _ H in CH₃ replaced w/ _ (use NaOH(aq) as it’s alkaline)
2. h__: forms sodium s__ (R__) + C__

methyl ketones, heated, alkaline, yellow ppt, ethanal, halogenation, 3, I, hydrolysis, salt, RCOO-Na+, CHI3