Endocrine Glands & Dysfunction: The Thyroid Gland (cont.)

Week 7: Tuesday, October 7th: Review & Midterm Exam 1; Thursday, October 9th: Endocrine Glands & Dysfunction: The Thyroid Gland (cont.)

the following are _______ effects of the thyroid gland:

1. metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

2. basal metabolic rate

3. temperature

4. growth and nature

physiological

effector organs of the hypothalamus, which all have thyroid receptors, are:

bones, the brain, nerves, the heart, and body cells

pressure on the eyes that causes bulging, and excessive thyroid hormone in the blood describes _______

exophthalmos

_______ is also known as hypothyroidism, and has the following characteristics:

1. metabolic dysregulation

2. an auto immune disease

3. High basal metabolic rate (BMR)

4. Increased sweating

5. Weight loss

Graves’s disease

_______ is also known as hyperthyroidism, and has the following characteristics:

1. Still causes goiter

2. metabolic dysregulation

3. low basal metabolic rate (BMR)

4. Decreased sweating

5. Weight gain

Hashimoto’s disease

in 1814, Gay-Lussac discovered that _______ deficiency caused goiter, so he fed those with the disease seaweed and marine products

iodine (I2)

in 1895, Kocher found high amounts of iodine (I2) in the _______

thyroid gland

in 1918, Kendall found and named _______, which has four iodine atoms bound to a tyrosine

thyroxine/tetraiodothyronine (T4)

in 1952, Gross and Pitt-Rivers found and named _______, a more active form of thyroid hormones that has three iodine atoms bound to a tyrosine

triiodothyronine (T3)

_______ can remove iodine form tetraiodothyronine (T4) to create triiodothyronine (T3)

ionodases

the thyrid gland developed from the embyro’s _______

digestive tube

true or false: if the thyroid gland weighs more than 20g, this indicates a thyroid disease

true

the thyriod gland communicates and delivers hormones via

large sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and blood and lymph 

_______ are special cuboidal/columnar epithelia cells in the thyroid gnad that make T3 and T4

thryoid follicles

the lumen around each thyroid follice cell is filled with a glycoprotein colloid called _______

thyrogobulin (TG)

_______ produce calcitonin, which is involvedin calcium homeostasis

parafollicular c cells

describe the process of thyroid hormome secretion, starting with iodide entering the cell

1. iodide (I^-) enters the cell bound to 2 Na+

2. The cell charge changes once I^- enters, Na+ out, and K+ in

3. I^- is oxidized by thyrooxidase (TO) to become I²

4. thyroid peroxidase (TPO) attaches I² to Thyroglobulin (TG)

5. triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) are produced from diiodotyrosine (DIT) and monoiodotyrosine (MIT)

6. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) binds to these cells to release triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4)