psychology exam 1

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psychology definition

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141 Terms

1

psychology definition

the scientific study of human and animal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

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2

nativism vs. philosophical empiricism

nature vs nurture

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nativism philosopher

Plato

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philosophical empiricism philosopher

Aristotle

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dualism/ mind-body problem

The position that mind and body are separate but can interact is called dualism, to indicate that behavior is caused by two things.

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Berkeley Water "Experiment"

-> 1 hand -- ice cold water
-> 1 hand -- hot water
-> Both hands -- lukewarm water
-- the cold hand was warm and the hot hand was cold both in the same temperature of water

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Scientific Method definition

pursuit of knowledge through systematic/ controlled observations, measurements, and testable hypotheses

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Scientific Method Steps

Observations, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Collection, Conclusion, share knowledge

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phrenology definiton

Skull shape determines personality (genuine husband vs unreliable husband)

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10

Phrenology flaws?

Skull shape does NOT equal brain topography

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11

Wilhem Wundt & von Helmholtz

Helmholtz- interested in the speed of nerve impulses
Wundt- "father of psychology" & opened the first lab dedicated to physiological psych

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12

Hysteria definition

- Exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement
- common diagnosis in 1800s
- typically diagnosed in women

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13

Hypnosis definition

altered state of mind, or trance

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14

why was hysteria a bad diagnosis?

subjective nature, gender bias, lack of scientific validity, and the potential harm it caused to those diagnosed with it.

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Psychoanalysis problems?

- Worked in isolation from other psychologists
- Theories were often non-falsifiable
- Hypnosis patients are often susceptible to suggestion
- Freud's theories were often anti-women
- Did not use the scientific method

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psychoanalysis success?

- Unconscious and subconscious
- Memories are not perfect

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Behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

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the black box problem (cognitions)

- Don't involve observable behavior
- Difficult to study!

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behavioral neuroscience

links psychological processes to neurons, brain structures, and nervous system

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20

Who is Karen Horney?

- clinician
- "Feminine psychology"
- womb envy theory

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Which other psychologist did Karen Horney push back against?

Sigmund Freud (penis envy theorist)

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22

Fransis Sumner

- first black American to earn PhD in psychology
- Early 1900's: helped establish the Howard University HBCU psychology department

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23

Kenneth & Mamie Clark

- Brown v. Board of Education case 1950s
- Perception of white and black dolls
- Black children still preferred to play with white dolls

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24

Empiricism

- observation -> knowledge
- Collect a series of observations
- Is every phenomenon observable?

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Theories

explanation of phenomena based on empirical evidence (observations)

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hypothesis

a prediction statement that can be proven wrong (falsifiable)

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variable

a factor/condition that can vary in type or degree

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28

operational definition

exactly what way the variable will be defined in the research (as specific as possible).

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instrument of measurement def

anything that can record/detect when the variable occurs

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instrument of measurement examples

timer, ruler, even other humans

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validity

- the behavior/questionnaire actually taps into the variable
- Facial expressions? (RBF)

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reliability

produces consistent and stable results

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power

is able to detect even small effects

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34

Why are humans tricky test subjects?

- Complex: brain and behavior are incredibly intricate
- Variable: no two people are exactly the same
- Smart: people know when they are being "tested"
- Demand characteristics
- naturalistic observation

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demand characteristics

during studies, participants want to do what they believe is expected of them.

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what can we do to reduce demand characteristics?

- Make studies anonymous
- Measure behavior that is harder to voluntarily control
-disguise the purpose of the study

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naturalistic observation definition

naturally record evidence about people without ANY interference or control

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naturalistic observation pros

- Behavioral in natural environments
- Little to no demand characterizes
- Good start to forming/refining a theory

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naturalistic observation cons

- Lack of control
- Too many other variables are present that aren't accounted for
- Cannot test casual relationships

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40

observer bias definition

measurement can be impacted by human error/bias

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what can we do to reduce observer bias?

- Reduce human involvement in measurement
- Double-blind technique: neither observer nor participant know the hypothesis
--- Condition of the variable is unknown (pill vs. sugar pill)

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42

double- blind technique

neither observer nor participant know the hypothesis

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43

correlation design defintion

describe a statistical relationship between two variables
- ASK people what they do/think

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positive correlation design

as one variable increases, the second variable increases
OR as one variable decreases, the second variable decreases
- positive if same direction!!!

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negative correlation design

as one variable increases, the second variable decreases
- museum and reality TV example problem

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correlation design pros

- Can determine strength + direction of 2 variables' relationship
----Helpful when forming/refining hypotheses
- Variables that are hard/unethical to manipulate
----Smoking, spanking, etc.

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correlation design cons

Cannot determine causality with 100% certainty***

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pearson's r

statistic that describes direction and strength of a correlation

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correlation strength

r= 0 NO relationship
r= -0.3, -0.5,-0.7 is negative
r= +0.3,+0.5, +0.7 is positive

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50

third-variable problem

an unmeasured third variable may be influencing both tested variables

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self-selection problem

a participant chooses their own environment

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the direction problem

Which variable causes which?

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experimental design definiton

- Does taking gyzophil cause uncontrollable sneezing?
- Medicine type → independent variable (IV)
- Gyzophil = experimental group
- Sugar pill = control group
- Sneezing → dependent variable (DV)

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experimental design pros

- Can test causal relationships!
- Can often easily be repeated/replicated

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experimental design cons

- Some variables cannot be manipulated (ethical, feasible)
- Sometimes feel "artificial"
- Demand characteristics

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descriptive statistics

- numbers (stats) that describe the sample
- Sample: data points collected in the study

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key components to an experiment

- Independent variable
- dependent variable
- control group
- experimental group
- random assignment
- random selection
- control of extraneous variables (EVs)

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independent variable definition and ex

- variable that is manipulated
- video game played

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dependent variable definition and ex

- The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.
- aggression or # of times punching bag was hit

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control vs experimental group

- experimental group is the group that is tested on
--- group that played GTA
- control group (the one that isn't tested on)
--- group that played animal crossing

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random assignment

participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

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controlling extraneous variables

- Provides control
- temperature and noise
- time of day
- collect data from large groups + random assignment

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normal distribution definition

- bell-shaped curve probability density
- characterized by mean of distribution 'μ' and standard deviation of distribution 'σ'

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64

what shape is shown by normal distribution?

bell curve

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mean

statistical average
- (1+2+3+4)/4 = 2.5

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range

how fart apart the highest and lowest are
- (1,2,3,4) -> 4-1= 3

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standard deviation

- Describes average distance from the mean
- Small SD → scores are not spread out
- Large SD → scores are super spread out

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internal validity

- great experiments will have HIGH internal validity
- Controlled EVs
- Our ODs were valid
- Random assignment

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external validity

- Realistic as possible (natural)
- Sample represents the average population

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the IRB

- institutional review board
- Researchers, instructors, and people from the community

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the ethical checklist

- informed consent
--- written
- freedom from coercion
--- may leave at any time
- protection from harm
--- avoid harm
- justified deception
---lying to participants must be justified
- debriefing
--- reveal purpose of study
- confidentiality
--- personal info kept private

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72

neuron

- Cell in the nervous system
- Comprise the brain
- Communicate and produce output constantly!

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nervous system

the network of neurons that carry information to and from the brain

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cell body (soma)

- the largest part of the neuron
- keeps the neuron alive
- energy production

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nucleus

houses your DNA

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dendrites

- tree branches
- Point of contact with other neurons
- Receive messages and relay to the cell body, the axon

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axon

relay those messages down the neuron

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myelin sheath

- insulates the axon
- increases the speed of messages

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axon terminal

- tip of the axon
- communicates to another neuron's dendrites

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80

synapse

gap between the axon terminal & a dendrite

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81

resting potential

-70 millivolts

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82

action potential

Sending electric signal down the axon

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83

activation shreshold

- -55 millivolts
- All or nothing!

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refractory period

- Action potential cant be initiated again yet
- Must return to -70 mv (resting potential) first

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85

synaptic transmission

Neuron releases neurotransmitters across synaptic gas to another neuron

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86

neurotransmitter

- Chemicals that carry specific information
- Carried within vesicles (bag-like)

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autoreceptor

- Detects the amount of NTs in the gap
- Will cease transition if too much in the synaptic gap

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receptor sites

- Located on the dendrite
- Receives the NTs

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89

reuptake

NTs are reabsorbed into the axon terminal

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90

enzyme deactivation

Enzymes destroy excess NTs

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91

the primary neruotransmitters

- acetylcholine (Ach)
- Glutamate
- GABA
- dopamine
norepinephrine
- serotonin
- endorphins

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92

acetylcholine (Ach)

- voluntary muscle control
- attention, learning, sleeping, dreaming, memory
- if low related to Alzheimer's disease

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glutamate

- Primary excitatory NT
- Enhances communication between neurons
- Tells a neuron to fire!

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GABA

- Primary inhibitory NT
- Stops a neuron from firing
- Seizers- abundance of glutamate OR lack of GABA

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dopamine

- Motivation (reward), pleasure, arousal
- Drug addiction
- Schizophrenia- high levels of dopamine
- Parkinson's disease- low levels of dopamine

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96

noreoinephrine

- Heightened awareness (vigilance)
- On alert for danger

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serotonin

- Sleep regulation
- Eating
- Aggression regulation
- Mood disorders (depression, anxiety)- poor regulation

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endorphins

- Dulling pain
- Enhancing emotion
- Exercise

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99

agonist

- Increase NT function
- L-dopa for Parkinson's' disease (dopamine)

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100

antagonist

- Block NTs function
- Bets blockers for high blood pressure (epinephrine)

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