psychology exam 1

studied byStudied by 63 people
5.0(2)
Get a hint
Hint

psychology definition

1 / 140

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

141 Terms

1

psychology definition

the scientific study of human and animal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

New cards
2

nativism vs. philosophical empiricism

nature vs nurture

New cards
3

nativism philosopher

Plato

New cards
4

philosophical empiricism philosopher

Aristotle

New cards
5

dualism/ mind-body problem

The position that mind and body are separate but can interact is called dualism, to indicate that behavior is caused by two things.

New cards
6

Berkeley Water "Experiment"

-> 1 hand -- ice cold water
-> 1 hand -- hot water
-> Both hands -- lukewarm water
-- the cold hand was warm and the hot hand was cold both in the same temperature of water

New cards
7

Scientific Method definition

pursuit of knowledge through systematic/ controlled observations, measurements, and testable hypotheses

New cards
8

Scientific Method Steps

Observations, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Collection, Conclusion, share knowledge

New cards
9

phrenology definiton

Skull shape determines personality (genuine husband vs unreliable husband)

New cards
10

Phrenology flaws?

Skull shape does NOT equal brain topography

New cards
11

Wilhem Wundt & von Helmholtz

Helmholtz- interested in the speed of nerve impulses
Wundt- "father of psychology" & opened the first lab dedicated to physiological psych

New cards
12

Hysteria definition

- Exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement
- common diagnosis in 1800s
- typically diagnosed in women

New cards
13

Hypnosis definition

altered state of mind, or trance

New cards
14

why was hysteria a bad diagnosis?

subjective nature, gender bias, lack of scientific validity, and the potential harm it caused to those diagnosed with it.

New cards
15

Psychoanalysis problems?

- Worked in isolation from other psychologists
- Theories were often non-falsifiable
- Hypnosis patients are often susceptible to suggestion
- Freud's theories were often anti-women
- Did not use the scientific method

New cards
16

psychoanalysis success?

- Unconscious and subconscious
- Memories are not perfect

New cards
17

Behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

New cards
18

the black box problem (cognitions)

- Don't involve observable behavior
- Difficult to study!

New cards
19

behavioral neuroscience

links psychological processes to neurons, brain structures, and nervous system

New cards
20

Who is Karen Horney?

- clinician
- "Feminine psychology"
- womb envy theory

New cards
21

Which other psychologist did Karen Horney push back against?

Sigmund Freud (penis envy theorist)

New cards
22

Fransis Sumner

- first black American to earn PhD in psychology
- Early 1900's: helped establish the Howard University HBCU psychology department

New cards
23

Kenneth & Mamie Clark

- Brown v. Board of Education case 1950s
- Perception of white and black dolls
- Black children still preferred to play with white dolls

New cards
24

Empiricism

- observation -> knowledge
- Collect a series of observations
- Is every phenomenon observable?

New cards
25

Theories

explanation of phenomena based on empirical evidence (observations)

New cards
26

hypothesis

a prediction statement that can be proven wrong (falsifiable)

New cards
27

variable

a factor/condition that can vary in type or degree

New cards
28

operational definition

exactly what way the variable will be defined in the research (as specific as possible).

New cards
29

instrument of measurement def

anything that can record/detect when the variable occurs

New cards
30

instrument of measurement examples

timer, ruler, even other humans

New cards
31

validity

- the behavior/questionnaire actually taps into the variable
- Facial expressions? (RBF)

New cards
32

reliability

produces consistent and stable results

New cards
33

power

is able to detect even small effects

New cards
34

Why are humans tricky test subjects?

- Complex: brain and behavior are incredibly intricate
- Variable: no two people are exactly the same
- Smart: people know when they are being "tested"
- Demand characteristics
- naturalistic observation

New cards
35

demand characteristics

during studies, participants want to do what they believe is expected of them.

New cards
36

what can we do to reduce demand characteristics?

- Make studies anonymous
- Measure behavior that is harder to voluntarily control
-disguise the purpose of the study

New cards
37

naturalistic observation definition

naturally record evidence about people without ANY interference or control

New cards
38

naturalistic observation pros

- Behavioral in natural environments
- Little to no demand characterizes
- Good start to forming/refining a theory

New cards
39

naturalistic observation cons

- Lack of control
- Too many other variables are present that aren't accounted for
- Cannot test casual relationships

New cards
40

observer bias definition

measurement can be impacted by human error/bias

New cards
41

what can we do to reduce observer bias?

- Reduce human involvement in measurement
- Double-blind technique: neither observer nor participant know the hypothesis
--- Condition of the variable is unknown (pill vs. sugar pill)

New cards
42

double- blind technique

neither observer nor participant know the hypothesis

New cards
43

correlation design defintion

describe a statistical relationship between two variables
- ASK people what they do/think

New cards
44

positive correlation design

as one variable increases, the second variable increases
OR as one variable decreases, the second variable decreases
- positive if same direction!!!

New cards
45

negative correlation design

as one variable increases, the second variable decreases
- museum and reality TV example problem

New cards
46

correlation design pros

- Can determine strength + direction of 2 variables' relationship
----Helpful when forming/refining hypotheses
- Variables that are hard/unethical to manipulate
----Smoking, spanking, etc.

New cards
47

correlation design cons

Cannot determine causality with 100% certainty***

New cards
48

pearson's r

statistic that describes direction and strength of a correlation

New cards
49

correlation strength

r= 0 NO relationship
r= -0.3, -0.5,-0.7 is negative
r= +0.3,+0.5, +0.7 is positive

New cards
50

third-variable problem

an unmeasured third variable may be influencing both tested variables

New cards
51

self-selection problem

a participant chooses their own environment

New cards
52

the direction problem

Which variable causes which?

New cards
53

experimental design definiton

- Does taking gyzophil cause uncontrollable sneezing?
- Medicine type → independent variable (IV)
- Gyzophil = experimental group
- Sugar pill = control group
- Sneezing → dependent variable (DV)

New cards
54

experimental design pros

- Can test causal relationships!
- Can often easily be repeated/replicated

New cards
55

experimental design cons

- Some variables cannot be manipulated (ethical, feasible)
- Sometimes feel "artificial"
- Demand characteristics

New cards
56

descriptive statistics

- numbers (stats) that describe the sample
- Sample: data points collected in the study

New cards
57

key components to an experiment

- Independent variable
- dependent variable
- control group
- experimental group
- random assignment
- random selection
- control of extraneous variables (EVs)

New cards
58

independent variable definition and ex

- variable that is manipulated
- video game played

New cards
59

dependent variable definition and ex

- The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.
- aggression or # of times punching bag was hit

New cards
60

control vs experimental group

- experimental group is the group that is tested on
--- group that played GTA
- control group (the one that isn't tested on)
--- group that played animal crossing

New cards
61

random assignment

participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

New cards
62

controlling extraneous variables

- Provides control
- temperature and noise
- time of day
- collect data from large groups + random assignment

New cards
63

normal distribution definition

- bell-shaped curve probability density
- characterized by mean of distribution 'μ' and standard deviation of distribution 'σ'

New cards
64

what shape is shown by normal distribution?

bell curve

New cards
65

mean

statistical average
- (1+2+3+4)/4 = 2.5

New cards
66

range

how fart apart the highest and lowest are
- (1,2,3,4) -> 4-1= 3

New cards
67

standard deviation

- Describes average distance from the mean
- Small SD → scores are not spread out
- Large SD → scores are super spread out

New cards
68

internal validity

- great experiments will have HIGH internal validity
- Controlled EVs
- Our ODs were valid
- Random assignment

New cards
69

external validity

- Realistic as possible (natural)
- Sample represents the average population

New cards
70

the IRB

- institutional review board
- Researchers, instructors, and people from the community

New cards
71

the ethical checklist

- informed consent
--- written
- freedom from coercion
--- may leave at any time
- protection from harm
--- avoid harm
- justified deception
---lying to participants must be justified
- debriefing
--- reveal purpose of study
- confidentiality
--- personal info kept private

New cards
72

neuron

- Cell in the nervous system
- Comprise the brain
- Communicate and produce output constantly!

New cards
73

nervous system

the network of neurons that carry information to and from the brain

New cards
74

cell body (soma)

- the largest part of the neuron
- keeps the neuron alive
- energy production

New cards
75

nucleus

houses your DNA

New cards
76

dendrites

- tree branches
- Point of contact with other neurons
- Receive messages and relay to the cell body, the axon

New cards
77

axon

relay those messages down the neuron

New cards
78

myelin sheath

- insulates the axon
- increases the speed of messages

New cards
79

axon terminal

- tip of the axon
- communicates to another neuron's dendrites

New cards
80

synapse

gap between the axon terminal & a dendrite

New cards
81

resting potential

-70 millivolts

New cards
82

action potential

Sending electric signal down the axon

New cards
83

activation shreshold

- -55 millivolts
- All or nothing!

New cards
84

refractory period

- Action potential cant be initiated again yet
- Must return to -70 mv (resting potential) first

New cards
85

synaptic transmission

Neuron releases neurotransmitters across synaptic gas to another neuron

New cards
86

neurotransmitter

- Chemicals that carry specific information
- Carried within vesicles (bag-like)

New cards
87

autoreceptor

- Detects the amount of NTs in the gap
- Will cease transition if too much in the synaptic gap

New cards
88

receptor sites

- Located on the dendrite
- Receives the NTs

New cards
89

reuptake

NTs are reabsorbed into the axon terminal

New cards
90

enzyme deactivation

Enzymes destroy excess NTs

New cards
91

the primary neruotransmitters

- acetylcholine (Ach)
- Glutamate
- GABA
- dopamine
norepinephrine
- serotonin
- endorphins

New cards
92

acetylcholine (Ach)

- voluntary muscle control
- attention, learning, sleeping, dreaming, memory
- if low related to Alzheimer's disease

New cards
93

glutamate

- Primary excitatory NT
- Enhances communication between neurons
- Tells a neuron to fire!

New cards
94

GABA

- Primary inhibitory NT
- Stops a neuron from firing
- Seizers- abundance of glutamate OR lack of GABA

New cards
95

dopamine

- Motivation (reward), pleasure, arousal
- Drug addiction
- Schizophrenia- high levels of dopamine
- Parkinson's disease- low levels of dopamine

New cards
96

noreoinephrine

- Heightened awareness (vigilance)
- On alert for danger

New cards
97

serotonin

- Sleep regulation
- Eating
- Aggression regulation
- Mood disorders (depression, anxiety)- poor regulation

New cards
98

endorphins

- Dulling pain
- Enhancing emotion
- Exercise

New cards
99

agonist

- Increase NT function
- L-dopa for Parkinson's' disease (dopamine)

New cards
100

antagonist

- Block NTs function
- Bets blockers for high blood pressure (epinephrine)

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 21 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 48 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 14 people
... ago
4.5(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 48 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 50726 people
... ago
4.8(394)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (167)
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (24)
studied byStudied by 67 people
... ago
4.3(4)
flashcards Flashcard (104)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (45)
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (35)
studied byStudied by 9 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (85)
studied byStudied by 35 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (42)
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (67)
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot