Comprehensive Sociology Review: Education, Social Movements, Globalization & Health

What is sociological imagination?

The ability to place your current situation in terms of your environment and historical context, grasping the relations between history and biography in society.

What were the major findings of Devah Pager's study?

Individuals with a criminal record were hired less than those without, and Black individuals were hired less than White individuals. Black individuals without a criminal record were hired more than White individuals with a criminal record.

How does toxic masculinity affect young boys?

It pressures them to suppress emotions, leading to higher rates of suicide and promoting violence as an indicator of power.

What is the difference between the Privileged Poor (PP) and the Doubly Disadvantaged (DD) in education?

PP students attend wealthy schools and have cultural capital, while DD students attend underfunded schools and lack this capital, leading to different college experiences.

What is cultural capital?

Knowledge, skills, and cultural competencies that help individuals navigate elite institutional worlds.

What is the hidden curriculum?

The unspoken social and cultural knowledge that students acquire, such as understanding office hours and networking.

What is the school-to-prison pipeline?

A systemic issue where students of color, especially Black men, face harsher punishments and fewer opportunities, leading to increased incarceration rates.

What are the effects of learning losses from the pandemic?

Students, particularly in impoverished areas, lag behind due to limited access to remote learning, widening economic and racial gaps.

What is the legacy advantage in college admissions?

Wealthy students have a higher likelihood of gaining admission to competitive schools due to family connections and historical privilege.

What are charter schools?

Schools that receive public funding but operate independently of public school systems, often debated for their impact on public education funding.

What is social capital?

The connections and networks individuals have in society, which can provide support and resources for well-being.

What is the significance of Roseto, PA in sociology?

The long lives of Roseto residents are attributed to strong social cohesion and community ties, highlighting the importance of social relationships for health.

What is alienation in the context of work?

A feeling of estrangement or hostility towards one's job and capitalism, often caused by specialization and lack of ownership.

What is Fordism?

A system of mass production characterized by assembly lines and stable jobs, often associated with strong labor unions.

What is deindustrialization?

The decline of industrial production, leading to job loss and a shift towards service and knowledge sectors.

What trends are seen in the occupational structure?

There is a rise in the service industry and a decline in manufacturing and agriculture jobs.

What role do unions play in the workplace?

Unions provide bargaining power for workers, but their numbers have significantly decreased, particularly in the service industry.

What is unpaid work and who typically does it?

Work that is not compensated, often performed by women, including childcare, cooking, and cleaning.

How has interest in attention capital changed in the Turkish acting industry?

Interest capital, measured by social media following, has grown significantly, reflecting its importance in the industry.

What are the three types of cultural capital according to Bourdieu?

1. Institutionalized (credentials), 2. Objectified (material objects requiring knowledge), 3. Embodied (personal knowledge and skills).

What is the impact of cultural, racial, and class bias in testing?

Standardized tests often favor upper-class experiences, contributing to an achievement gap that persists despite narrowing.

What is the role of habitus in socialization?

Habitus refers to the ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions individuals acquire through socialization, influencing their actions and sense of place in the world.

What is the relationship between social networks and social influence?

Social networks shape how individuals are connected and can influence behaviors, with stronger correlations found in same-sex friendships.

What does the term 'homophily' refer to in social networks?

The tendency for individuals to associate with others who are similar to themselves.

What is the significance of confounding variables in social studies?

Confounding variables can affect the outcomes of studies separately but simultaneously, complicating interpretations of social influences.

What is induction in the context of social influence?

Induction refers to the process by which social influence spreads through relationships, impacting behaviors and decisions.

What is the primary aim of social movements?

To cause change through collective and sustained efforts, often aiming to change policy and increase awareness.

What distinguishes evolutionary social movements from revolutionary ones?

Evolutionary movements bring about slow change over time, while revolutionary movements seek fast change.

What are the key elements of social movements?

Collective action, organization (e.g., protests, boycotts), and a goal to change policy or raise awareness.

What does the term 'un-making of citizenship' refer to in social movements?

It refers to the process by which social movements challenge existing citizenship norms and rights.

What is the grievance theory in social movements?

It posits that unfair treatment leads to collective action.

What is resource mobilization theory?

It focuses on the ability of a movement to acquire resources necessary for its success.

What does political process theory emphasize in social movements?

It emphasizes the role of political opportunities and changes in government or policy that can influence a movement's support.

What characterizes new social movement theory?

It focuses on modern movements that address identity, culture, and quality of life issues, such as human rights and social equality.

What was significant about the Bangladesh Gen Z revolution?

It was genderless, classless, raceless, and borderless, allowing it to resonate with all young people.

What was the outcome of the Bangladesh protest against the job quota system?

The protest was violent but successful, leading to the end of the Prime Minister's 15-year rule.

What are health social movements?

Movements that address health issues and often require research to support their claims, such as AIDS activism.

What are embodied health movements (EHMs)?

Movements that challenge medical authority and focus on personal experiences related to disease, disability, or treatment.

What is the role of professionals in professional social movements?

Professionals provide knowledge and expertise, distinguishing these movements from grassroots-led movements.

How do professional movements differ from standard social movements?

Professional movements are led by elites and operate within established institutional channels, while standard movements are grassroots and often disruptive.

What did the Marmot study reveal about social gradients in health?

It showed that higher executive levels correlate with lower rates of disease and causes of death.

What social implications did COVID-19 reveal according to the readings?

COVID-19 disproportionately affected POC and poor communities, highlighting health disparities based on wealth and location.

What is the significance of the 'In Sickness and in Wealth' video?

It illustrates how health outcomes can vary drastically based on wealth and location.

What challenges do marginalized communities face in healthcare, as discussed in the readings?

Marginalized communities often face barriers such as lack of insurance, proximity to environmental hazards, and systemic mistreatment.

What is the impact of 'ethical erosion' in medical education?

It refers to the shift in focus from empathy to efficiency in training medical professionals.

What is the role of collective identity in embodied health movements?

Collective identity can enhance the likelihood of success by uniting individuals with shared experiences of disease or disability.

What factors contributed to the success of healthcare reforms in Thailand and Brazil but not in South Africa?

Political competition and corruption levels were key factors; Thailand and Brazil had fierce political competition, while South Africa faced corruption and a lack of competition.

What is the significance of the ACT UP movement?

ACT UP is an example of a health social movement that challenged medical policy and advocated for AIDS activism.

What does the term 'professional movements' encompass?

Movements that require professionals to work alongside activists, leveraging their expertise to advocate for social change.

What are the implications of COVID-19 on social determinants of health?

COVID-19 highlighted that health disparities are socially determined, affecting marginalized communities more severely.

What is the concept of 'collective challenges' in health social movements?

It refers to organized efforts to confront and change medical policies and public health beliefs.

What systemic issue affects POCs in medical schools?

Racism, leading to poor treatment and discrimination.

What fear do Black medical students have regarding their peers?

Fear of being blacklisted for associating with other Black students.

Who are the Blackstock sisters?

Black women twins who became doctors and advocate for ending systemic racism in healthcare.

What is the 'Mind the Gap' initiative?

A project by a medical student highlighting the lack of teaching about how conditions appear on darker skin.

What does globalization pressure nations to adopt?

Similar structures and ideas, leading to global homogeneity.

What is McDonaldization according to Ritzer?

The process by which society becomes more efficient and standardized, similar to a fast food restaurant.

List the four principles of McDonaldization.

Efficiency, Predictability, Calculability, Control.

What is cultural differentialism?

The theory that cultures remain distinct and can clash, as proposed by Samuel Huntington.

Define cultural hybridization.

The emergence of new cultural forms through the integration of global and local elements.

What does cultural homogeneity refer to?

The increasing sameness of culture, often driven by global assimilation.

What are remittances?

Money sent back home by migrants working in foreign countries.

What are the five stages of modernization theory according to Rostow?

1. Traditional societies, 2. Preconditions for takeoff, 3. Take off, 4. Age to maturity, 5. Age of mass consumption.

What is the core-periphery model in dependency theory?

A structure where wealthy core countries exploit poor periphery countries.

What is a criticism of modernization theory?

It ignores colonial history and assumes all countries follow the same path as Western nations.

What is a criticism of dependency theory?

It is too deterministic and underestimates internal political dynamics.

What dimensions are included in lived religious practice?

Embodiment, materiality, emotion, aesthetic, moral judgment, narrative, spirituality.

How do religious organizations contribute to political action?

By providing resources like organization, legitimacy, visibility, and communication.

What role did Catholic sisters in Atlanta play in social change?

They marched for pro-immigration causes and addressed issues like climate change and racism.

What is the significance of the pilgrimage to Mazu in Taiwan?

It has attracted many young people and includes celebrations like fireworks and dancing.

What is the impact of globalization on the fishing industry?

International fishing practices can undermine local fishing, leading to migration issues.

What is the relationship between globalization and job loss in industrial towns?

Globalization can lead to job losses as industries move or change due to international competition.

What does the term 'isomorphism' refer to in world culture theory?

The tendency of convergence in global models like constitutions and labor codes.

What is the role of microcredit loans in globalization?

They help the poorest by providing financial support, although they can also have drawbacks.

What are the basic tenets of modernization theory?

It outlines a linear progression of societies through five stages of economic growth.

What is the significance of the term 'cultural convergence'?

It describes how cultures can fundamentally change and become more similar due to global influences.

What is the criticism of the 'clash of civilizations' theory?

It oversimplifies complex cultural dynamics and can promote Islamophobia and racism.