Diary Mgmt Exam 2

Precision diary farming involves the use of technologies. What do these measure?

physiological, behavioral, and production indicators

Wearable sensors, rumen boluses, subcutaneous implants, milk sensors, video analysis, are all examples of what?

precision dairy farming

As the US dairy industry intensification occured, what happened to farms?

the consolidated (few but larger opertations)

T/F  There is a greater reliance on automation and precision technologies in the US dairy industry

 TRUE

What is the focus of most dairy industries?

efficiency

What are the advantages of conventional housing?

climate control, disease control, nutritional manegement, manure management, and labor efficiencyW

What are disadvantages with conventional housing?

Space limitations, lack of exercise, unnatural flooring, and lack of environmental stimuli

What are perceived stressors in conventional housing?

loud noises, space restriction, and regrouping

What are increasing in conventional housing?

agonistic behaviors, stereotypies, and cortisol

What legislative initiatives worry about diary cow welfare?

proposition 12 or farm animal confinement initiative

What are the five freedoms?

freedom to express normal behavior, freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from fear and distress, freedom from pain, injury, and disease, and freedom from discomfort

What is the normal lying/resting time in dairy cows?

10-14 hrs/day

What is the addition of stimuli or resources to an animal’s environment that encourages the expression of natural behaviors, improves physical and psychological well-being, and reduces stress or abnormal behaviors?

Environmental Enrichment

What are the goals of environmental enrichment?

increase behavioral diversity, reduce frequency of abnormal behavior, and increase normal behavior patterns

What is a behavior in dairy cows that refers to repetitive movements that are not associated with normal feeding or grooming activities? 

Stereotypic Behavior

What are some examples of stereotypic behavior?

tongue-rolling, bar biting, object licking, and feed tossing

What are key design considerations when designing a facility?

ventilation, lighting, space, flooring, bedding, and feed/water layout

What is the goal of facility design and welfare?

Create an environment where cows can rest, eat, and move freely with minimal stress

What are cow signals?

essential indicators that help farms understand the condition and needs of their cattle

What are examples of cow signals?

changes in behavior, posture, and physical characteristics

What are the three advantages of reading cow signals?

health monitoring, improving welfare, and management practices

How do we monitor cow comfort?

stocking density, production, health, lying time, injuries, and lameness

Overstocking can lead to what issues?

increases competition, reduces lying time, more displacement and stress, increased risk of lameness and injury

What percent cow’s lying down indicates good cow comfort?

greater than 85%

Less than ___% should be perching

10

When does perching behavior occur?

when stall is too small, uncomfortable, or improperly bedded

What does Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

stimulates growth of small follicles

What does estrogen/estrodiol do?

Prepares female for insemination, causes estrus behavior and ovulation

What does gondotropin-realsing (GnRH) hormone do?

Cause the release of FSH and LH

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?

Surge causes ovulation, develops CL and stimulates release of P4

What does progesterone (P4) do?

prepares the uterus for pregnancy, regulates GnRH, FSH, and LH, prevents return to estrus

What does prostaglandin do?

Destroys corpus luteum

Where is prostaglandin released from?

uterus 

Where is LH released from?

pituitary gland

Where is FSH released from?

pituitary gland

Where is GnRH released from?

hypothalamus

Where is progesterone released from?

CL

Where is estrogen released from?

preovulatory follicle

What is the CL important?

It maintains pregnancy

During the follicular phases, progesterone is ____ , and estrogen is _____

low; high

When is the period of maternal recognition?

day 16-18 of estrus cycle

How long is the reproductive cycle of a cow?

21 days

What are the 4 phases of the cow estrus cycle?

proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus

What are signs of estrus?

female stands to be mounted, vulva swelling and discharge, restlessness, lip curing

For natural service bulls, 1 bull can cover how many cows? 

20 

Work rules for bulls?

2 weeks work, 2 weeks rest

What are the disadvantages of using natural service bulls?

unknow conception date, less control over genetics, venereal disease, dangerous

What are alternatives to natural service bulls?

AI and embryo transfer

What are problems with trying to get cows pregnant?

Estrus is hard to detect, conception rates are low, heat stress, and cows not cycling at the start of the voluntary waiting period

What are methods of estrus detection?

tail paint/chalk, pedometer, neck collars, KAMAR detectors

What are the three insemination methods?

natural service, AI, embryo transfer

If a heifer is in estrus in the morning, then when should she be inseminated?

That afternoon

Why are cows inseminated 12 hrs after estrus behavior?

to inseminate animals near their optimal time for conception 

Why do we use synchronization protocols?

ensure all cows get bred by a ceriain day post-calving, and reduces need for estrus detection

With the onset of estrus, there is an increase in ______ which cause a surge in ______ which leads to ovulation

estrogen; LH

What is the purpose of tail paint?

to determine if the cow is being mounted thus to see if she is in estrus

What is the purpose of a KAMAR heatmount detector?

Determine if a cow is in estrus (turns red)

What are the three insemination methods?

natural service bull, AI, embryo transfer

Ovulation starts how long after the onset of estrus?

24-32 hours

What is the goal when it comes to inseminating timing?

To inseminate near the optimal time for conception

What hormone does a CIDR have?

progesterone

How long should a CIDR be used for?

5-7 days

What does CIDR stand for?

control internal drug release

CIDRs induce cyclicity in _______ females, increasing the probability of a fertile ovulation

anestrous

What is the most reliable strategy for timed AI in dairy heifers?

CIDR

What are the methods of pregnancy diagnosis?

estrus detection, rectal palpation, ultrasound, milk progesterone assay, blood test

How long after insemination can one use rectal palpation for pregnancy detection?

35 days

After insemination, how many days without coming into estrus indicates pregnancy?

56 days

How long after insemination can the ultrasound be used to determine pregnancy?

28 days

How long after insemination can a blood test be sent off to determine pregnancy?

28 days

What % of cows are pregnant after the first AI?

35-45%

Timed AI allowed for ____% re-insemination within 2-23 days after non-pregnancy diagnosis

100%

What are the days from calving to conception?

days open

What are the months from calving to calving?

calving interval

What is the number of inseminations divided by the number of ovulations?

estrus detection rate

What is the number of pregnancies divided by the number of inseminations? 

conception rate

What is the number of conceptions in the herd divided by the number of open cows?

Pregnancy rate

What can affect the conception rate?

Problem with AI protocol/estrus detection, cow had a bad transition period, high milk production, mycotoxins, and heat stress

Where do mycotoxins come from?

contaimined feedstuffs

What is an example of a mytotoxin?

zearalenone

What is the goal when looking for dairyness?

adequate body, and are robust and sturdy in bone, with functional and strong feed and legs

What is worth the most points in confirmation?

udder

What are dairy cattle bred for?

high milk yield and quality

What are beef cattle bred for?

muscle growth

What are dual-purpose cattle bred for?

meat and milk

How many recognized dairy or dual-purpose dairy breeds worldwid

What are the top three breeds in the united states?

Holstein, jersey, brown swiss

T/F US dairy breeds differ greatly in milk yield and component percentages

TRUE

What breed of cow is this?

Holstein

What breed of cow is this?

Jersey

What breed of cow is this?

Brown swiss

What breed of cow is this?

Guernsey

What breed of cow is this?

Ayrshire

What breed of cow is this?

Milking shorthorn

What cow breed originates in the Netherlands, are #1 in the US for milk volume, and are known for their high genetic selection progess?

Holstein

What cow breed originates from the English channel, produces the highest milk fat and protein, and is extremely feed efficient? 

Jersey

What breed originates from Switzerland, is known for longevity and strong feet and legs?

Brown swiss

What breed originated in the English Channel, milk is rich in beta-carotene, are efficient grazers, and have good fertility?

Guernsey

What breed originates from scotland, has strong udders, great grazing ability, and is hardy/adaptable?

ayrshire

What breed originates from england, is versatile, and is good for calving?

milking shorthorn