UNR CH 202, Midterm Study Guide

Christopher Columbus

exploration/discovery

Martin Luther

early enlightenment, 95 thesis questioned church

Hamlet

1st modern character, questions beliefs/ authority

Galileo

used telescope to see moon

Bacon

learn from observing

Copernicus

Heliocentric theory

Issac Newton

described the laws of motion and gravity

Montagu

Letters urged the English to copy the Turkish practice of vaccination against smallpox

Montesquieu

separation of powers

Montaigne

Essays, early modern skepticism

Thomas Hobbes

people are born selfish and need a strong central authority

John Locke

idea of a "social contract" in which the government serves the people; life, liberty and property.

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes

3rd Estate should have power

Adam Smith

Wealth of Nations, Invisible Hand, Capitalism

Wollstonecraft

Early feminist who advocated equal education for women

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution slave rebellion

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French

Frankenstein

are we born evil, or do is it learned behavior?

Edmund Burke

criticized the principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

William Wordsworth

Poet, sympathetic with ideals of French Revolurion

Immanuel Kant

"Have courage to use your own reason!"

CLR James

Public Education

Stefan Zweig

non-political, rise of Hitler

William Blake

The Tyger, The Lamb, The Chimney Sweeper

"They raise the objection that the interpretation of the Scriptures belongs to no one except the pope"

Martin Luther, An Open Letter o the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

"In this way one may learn with all the certainty of sense evidence that the moon is not robed in a smooth polished surface."

Galileo Galilei, The Starry Messenger

"There is nothing savage or barbarous about those peoples, but that every man calls barbarous anything he is not accustomed to"

Michel de Montaigne, Essays

Self-incurred minority, the public use of a man's reason

Immanuel Kant, What is Enlightenment?

an invisible hand, "The duty of erecting and maintaining certain public works and public instituitions."

Adam Smith, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

"All ideas come from sensation or reflection, that notice which the mind takes of its own operations. Nobody can desire to have me in his absolute power, unless it be to compel me by force to that which is against the right of my freedom, i.e., make me a slave."

John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

"What must the third estate do if it wishes to gain possession of its political rights in a manner beneficial to the nation?"

Emmanuel Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?

For by art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMONWEALTH, or STATE, in Latin, CIVITAS, which is but an artificial man, though of greater stature and strength than the natural, for whose protection and defence it was intended."

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

"A courageous chief only is wanted"

CLR James, The Black Jacobins

"I expected this reception... all men hate the wretched; how, then must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all living things?"

Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus

"Spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"

William Wordsworth's definition of poetry

Hegel

'three-step process' of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.

Horkheimer and Adorno

Instead of producing the industry, the insdustry is producing us

Karl Marx

Believed in a classless society, humanism, inspiration for communism