Theories of Social and Personality Development in PSYC 352

Self-perceived competence

Belief in one's abilities and skills.

Psychoanalytic Perspectives

Focus on emotional bonds and childhood experiences.

Industry vs. Inferiority Stage

Erikson's stage for competence through mastery.

Culturally defined tasks

Learning goals like reading and writing.

Resiliency in children

Ability to recover from setbacks effectively.

Over control

Emotional suppression and tight regulation.

Under control

Emotional outbursts and lack of regulation.

Big Five Personality Traits

Five dimensions: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness.

Average Personality Type

Balanced traits across the Big Five dimensions.

Reserved Personality Type

Emotionally stable, low extraversion, agreeable.

Role Model Personality Type

High in all traits except neuroticism.

Self-Centered Personality Type

High extraversion, low in other traits.

Reciprocal determinism

Interaction of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.

Self-efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed.

Performance outcomes

Results that influence self-efficacy beliefs.

Verbal persuasion

Encouragement that boosts self-efficacy.

Physiological feedback

Body responses interpreted as motivation.

Psychological self

Understanding of internal traits and feelings.

Valued self

Self-worth based on internal traits.

Developmentalists

Researchers studying growth and development.

Emotional responses

Feelings shaped by childhood experiences.

Social-Cognitive Approach

Focus on cognitive processes in social contexts.

Childhood experiences

Events during childhood that shape personality.

Motivation foundation

High self-efficacy leads to increased motivation.

Self-concept

Children's evolving understanding of themselves.

Middle childhood period

Developmental stage from ages 6 to 12.

Emotional stability

Consistent emotional responses across situations.

Psychological self

Understanding stable internal traits and self-judgements.

Self-efficacy

Belief in one's ability to achieve goals.

Effective motivation

Confidence enhances performance and reduces aggression.

Self-esteem

Global evaluation of one's self-worth.

Social support

Encouragement from peers and parents influences self-esteem.

Spiritual self

Understanding connections with the world and virtues.

Theory of mind

Ability to understand others' thoughts and feelings.

Concrete operational period

Stage where children think logically about concrete events.

Moral understanding

Awareness of right and wrong in social contexts.

Peer models

Influential figures that shape self-efficacy beliefs.

Discrepancy perception

Difference between ideal self and actual self.

Coping with mistakes

Understanding and accepting errors as part of growth.

Cultural spirituality

Spiritual beliefs shaped by cultural backgrounds.

Self-worth

Value placed on oneself based on abilities.

Child as psychologist

Children analyze and describe peers' characteristics.

Middle childhood

Developmental stage from ages 6 to 12.

Encouragement importance

Support from valued individuals boosts self-efficacy.

Emotional intuition

Trusting feelings and emotions in decision-making.

Learning environment

Collaborative learning enhances self-understanding.

Social relationships

Connections that influence moral and emotional development.

Abstract thinking

Ability to think beyond concrete facts.

Longitudinal data

Data collected over time to observe changes.

Cross-sectional comparisons

Data collected at one point to compare groups.

Self-judgement

Personal evaluation of one's competencies and traits.

Influence of experiences

Real-life events shape beliefs and self-perception.

Supportive relationships

Connections that foster resilience and self-esteem.

Moral Reasoning

Judging rightness or wrongness of actions.

Pre-conventional Ethics

Moral reasoning based on rewards and punishments.

Conventional Ethics

Moral reasoning based on external laws.

Post Conventional Ethics

Moral reasoning based on personal ethics.

Moral Realism Stage

Children believe rules are inflexible.

Moral Relativism Stage

Children understand rules can change socially.

Self-regulation

Ability to control one's own behavior.

Authoritative Parenting

Parenting style that promotes independence and self-regulation.

Best Friend

Important relationship in middle childhood.

Gender Self-Segregation

Preference for same-sex companions in childhood.

Boys' Friendship Groups

Larger, competitive, and more accepting of newcomers.

Girls' Friendship Groups

Smaller, exclusive, focused on compliance and self-disclosure.

Patterns of Aggression

Cultural rules influence acceptable aggression display.

Physical Aggression

Decreases as children learn aggression norms.

Relational Aggression

Aimed at damaging self-esteem or peer relationships.

Cultural Rules

Guidelines dictating acceptable behavior in society.

Peer Relationships

Friendships that become more stable in middle childhood.

Independence from Parents

Growing autonomy while maintaining parental attachment.

Social Agreement

Consensus among individuals to change rules.

Development in the Real World

Encouraging moral reasoning through guidance.

Long-term Friendships

Friendships that develop stability over time.

Competition in Boys

Higher levels of competition among male friends.

Compliance in Girls

Higher levels of agreement and compliance among girls.

Cultural Studies

Research examining universal features of social development.

Ostracism

Exclusion from a group, often used in relational aggression.

Cruel Gossiping

Spreading harmful rumors to damage someone's reputation.

Retaliatory aggression

Aggression aimed at revenge for harm done.

Middle childhood

Period where understanding of actions matures.

Quebec Newborn Twin Study

Study showing twin aggression correlation.

Proactive aggression

Aggression initiated to achieve a goal.

Reactive aggression

Aggression in response to provocation.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Economic and social position affecting behavior.

Familial factors

Family influences on aggression development.

Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project

Study linking childhood aggression to social mobility.

Sexual harassment

Unwanted sexual advances or behavior.

Dating aggression

Aggression occurring in romantic relationships.

Cyberbullying

Aggression conducted via digital platforms.

Victimization rate

~19% of students experience cyberbullying.

Personality traits

Characteristics influencing aggressive interaction roles.

Sibling bullying

Aggression among siblings, often close in age.

Social support

Emotional and practical help from others.

Early intervention

Proactive measures to prevent aggression.

Social status

Classification of children as popular, rejected, neglected.

Peer acceptance

Acceptance based on social behavior, not looks.

Neglect stability

Neglect is less stable than rejection over time.

Self-care children

Children alone at home after school.

Cognitive abilities

Skills needed for risk evaluation and emergencies.