Life Science Exam 4 Study Guide: Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Organisms with complex cells and a nucleus.

Domain Archaea

One of two domains containing prokaryotes.

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom comprising all plants.

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom comprising all animals.

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom including mushrooms, yeasts, molds.

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom of diverse single-celled organisms.

Prokaryotes

Organisms without a nucleus.

Nucleoid Region

Area where prokaryotic chromosome is located.

Plasmids

Small circles of DNA in prokaryotes.

Cell Wall

Structure providing support to prokaryotic cells.

Flagella

Structures that enable prokaryotic movement.

Pili

Hair-like structures aiding bacterial attachment.

Endospores

Survival structures formed by some bacteria.

Extremophiles

Organisms thriving in extreme environments.

Gram Positive

Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layers.

Gram Negative

Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan layers.

Algae Bloom

Rapid growth of cyanobacteria in water.

Eutrophication

Low oxygen levels in water due to nutrient overload.

Bioremediation

Use of bacteria to clean contaminated environments.

Decomposition

Process of nutrient cycling by bacteria.

Nitrogen Fixation

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to usable forms.

Microbiome

Community of bacteria living in and on humans.

Competitive Inhibition

Prevention of pathogen attachment by bacteria.

Sterilization

Complete removal or destruction of bacteria.

Disinfection

Destruction of most bacteria.

Sanitization

Lowering bacteria counts to safe levels.

Bactericidal

Treatments that kill bacteria.

Bacteriostatic

Treatments that inhibit bacterial reproduction.

Pasteurization

Heating food to kill pathogens without boiling.

Selective Toxicity

Antibiotics harming pathogens but not hosts.

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Effective against a wide range of bacteria.

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

Effective against a limited range of bacteria.

Zone of Inhibition

Area indicating bacteria susceptibility to antibiotics.

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Assay

Test for bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics.

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Antibiotic action disrupting bacterial cell wall formation.

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Antibiotic action preventing bacterial protein production.

Damage to Plasma Membrane

Antibiotic action compromising bacterial membrane integrity.

Antibiotic Resistance

Bacteria's ability to withstand antibiotic effects.

Opportunistic Pathogens

Non-infectious bacteria that cause infection under certain conditions.

Nosocomial Infections

Infections acquired during hospital stays.

Decreased Uptake

Reduced absorption of antibiotics by bacteria.

Inactivation of the Drug

Bacteria produce enzymes that neutralize antibiotics.

Altering the Target

Bacteria modify antibiotic target sites.

Removal from the Cell

Efflux pumps expel antibiotics from bacteria.

RNA Viruses

Viruses that use RNA for genetic information.

DNA Viruses

Viruses that use DNA for genetic information.

Retroviruses

Viruses that convert RNA to DNA using transcriptase.

Prions

Misfolded proteins causing neurodegenerative diseases.

CJD

Human disease caused by prions.

Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis

Prion disease commonly known as Mad Cow Disease.

Innate Immune System

Non-specific immune response present at all times.

Physical Barriers

Structures like skin and mucus membranes preventing infection.

Mucociliary Escalator

Mucus membranes trap and remove microorganisms.

Chemical Barriers

Substances like lysosomes and defensins attacking pathogens.

Competitive Exclusion

Microbiome prevents pathogenic bacteria from colonizing.

Microbial Antagonism

Microbiome produces toxins against pathogenic bacteria.

Basophils

Blood cells producing histamines in allergic reactions.

Eosinophils

Blood cells destroying large pathogens with enzymes.

Neutrophils

Blood cells phagocytizing invaders in tissues.

Inflammation

Response causing redness and swelling from tissue damage.

Fever

Increased body temperature aiding immune response.

Antigens

Substances triggering immune responses in the body.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Molecule presenting antigens to immune cells.

Cytotoxic T Cells

Cells destroying infected cells presenting MHC-1 antigens.

Helper T Cells

Cells activating B-cells through cytokine production.

Antibodies

Proteins binding to antigens to neutralize them.

Memory B Cells

Long-lasting cells providing quick immune response.

Herd Immunity

Protection of non-immune individuals by vaccinated majority.

Vaccination

Administration of antigens to induce immunity.

Variolation

Ancient method of smallpox protection using infected material.

Diphtheria

Disease caused by bacteria producing a harmful toxin.

Antitoxin

Treatment containing antibodies against specific toxins.

Ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis

Halophiles

Extremophiles that live in very salty conditions

Psychrophiles

Extremophiles that live in very cold conditions

Thermophiles

Extremophiles that live in very hot conditions

Peptidoglycan

The layer that determines whether bacteria is gram positive or gram negative

Vibrio

Comma-shaped bacteria

Bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

Spirochetes

Corkscrew shaped bacteria

Cocci

Sphere shaped bacteria

Spirilla

Spiral shaped bacteria

Obligate Anaerobes

Cannot grow if oxygen is present

Obligate Aerobes

Must have oxygen to grow

Microaerophiles

Grow best in low oxygen conditions

Aerotolerant aerobes

Can grow with or without oxygen

Cyanobacteria

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis; adss oxygen to the atmosphere

Fermentation

Pickles, yogurt, and cheese are foods whose production depends on _____.

3 advantages from bacteria in our intestines

1. breakdown of food we can’t digest

2. production of nutrients and vitamins

3. production of chemicals that damage bad bacteria

Incineration

Killing bacteria by burning

Bacteriostatic

Are low temperatures bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Bacteriostatic

Is desiccation bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Bactericidal

Is salt or sugar curing bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

It kills most bacteria

How does salt or sugar curing affect bacteria?

Radiation

Method of controlling bacteria by destroying DNA

Pathogens

Organisms that cause disease

4 ways that antibiotics work against bacteria

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

2. Inhibition of protein synthesis

3. Damage to plasma membrane

4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

4 ways bacteria may resist antibiotics

1. Decreased uptake

2. Inactivation of the drug

3. Altering the target

4. Removal from the cell

Why are viruses not considered living organisms?

1. Living organisms store information as DNA

2. Living organisms are made of cells

3. Living organisms are capable of reproduction

Influenza, Covid, Measles, Polio

Examples of RNA viruses