APES Unit 8

In less

developed countries, the poor, those making less than $2.25 a day, typically spend how much of their income on food?

The processing, production and marketing of food is collectively known as…

agriculture

Since 1900, how much of the genetic diversity of agricultural crops have we lost?

75%

Of the estimated 50,000 plant species that people can eat, only ____ of them supply an estimated 90% of the world's food calories.

14

A severe shortage of food leading to mass starvation, many deaths, economic chaos, and social disruption, is called ____.

famine

About two thirds of the world’s human population survive primarily by eating one or more of three grain crops. What are these three grains?

rice, wheat, and corn

The root cause of food insecurity is ____.

poverty

People in the United States spend how much of their disposable income on food?

less than 10%

Since 1960, there has been only a slight increase in global food production from all systems.

False

Hundreds of thousands of children under six years of age go blind each year because of a lack of iron.

False

The term overnutrition refers to ____.

when energy use is less than energy intake

Many of the world’s poor only have access to a low-protein, high-carbohydrate, vegetarian diet and suffer from ____.

chronic malnutrition

In which areas of agriculture would a background in Physics be of use?

all of the choices

Anemia may be the result of a deficiency in ____.

iron

India once planted 30,000 varieties of rice; now most of the rice comes from how many varieties?

10

Today we produce more than enough food to meet the basic nutritional needs of every person on the earth.

True

A second green revolution has been taking place since 1967, based on ____.

fast-growing rice and wheat

Which of the following does not characterize what life was like before the development of agriculture?

people lived in fixed permanent settlements

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), ____ people face health problems because of undernutrition and another ____ people face health problems because of overnutrition.

1 billion; 1.6 billion

Compared to high-input farming, low-input agriculture

produces similar yields with less energy per unit of yield

An urban area where people have little or no easy access to nutritious food without traveling long distances is called a(n) ____.

food desert

Industrialized livestock production generates 18% of the world’s climate-changing greenhouse gases, more than all the world’s cars, buses, and planes. Most of this comes from

cattle belching

Each year, at least 250,000 children under six years of age go blind from lack of ____.

vitamin A

Plantation agriculture is a form of high-input agriculture that involves growing cash crops and is primarily used in ____.

tropical, less-developed countries

Overnutrition and undernutrition are both key factors in which of the following health problems?

lower life expectancy

Americans waste what percentage of their food?

30

Which of the following is the study of soil management and crop production?

agronomy

The term undernutrition refers to people who consume ____.

less than the basic number of daily calories

Industrialized agriculture is often associated with a single crop, called monoculture agriculture.

True

The art or practice of garden cultivation and management is known as…

horticulture

Six million children under the age of 5 die each year from normally nonfatal diseases because of their weakened condition caused by malnutrition.

True

One in every ____ people worldwide suffers from an iron deficiency.

5

The major goal of industrialized agriculture for any crop has been to steadily increase each crop’s ____.

yield per unit of land

How did the development of agriculture change societies?

all of the choices

Approximately 26 million children each year suffer irreversible brain damage from lack of ____.

iodine

The overall aim of integrated pest management is to reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level.

True

What would be a reason to NOT genetically modify an animal?

decrease a populations genetic diversity

A pesticide that was developed from a natural source would be considered a…

first

Which of the following would NOT be a reason to genetically modify a plant?

none of the choices

Which of the following are considered the "workhorses" of genetically modified organisms?

bacteria

When using a pesticide, it is best to use a pesticide that is______________ and _________________ to minimize environmental impacts.

short acting, narrow

What is a an advantage of modern synthetic pesticides?

they increase profits for farmers

Which of the following would be a non-target species for the pesticide DDT?

birds

Genetically modified food does not have to be labeled in the U.S.

True

What percentage of the food products currently on U.S. supermarket shelves contains some form of genetically engineered food or ingredients?

80%

An organism whose genome/DNA have been artificially altered to give it new traits or characteristics is best described as a…

all of the choices

What primarily differentiates second-generation pesticided from first generation pesticides?

second-generation are synthetically produced

A chemical compound that causes birth defects is known as a…

teratogen

The use of biotechnology to cure hereditary diseases in humans is best described as …

gene therapy

What is true of genetically modified crops?

they could reduce biodiversity

Why are bacteria often used as genetically modified organisms?

all of the choices

One of the most important characteristics of a pesticide is how long it will stay deadly in the environment, a characteristic called ____.

persistence

What percentage of all antibiotics used in the United States are added to animal feed?

80%

Which of the following would NOT be considered a sustainable approach to reducing the use of pesticides?

reducing the use of the pesticide by increasing its peristence

What is a disadvantage of modern synthetic pesticides?

they may become less and less effective

The use of chemical attractants to fool pest is best describes as …

pheromone traps

Artificially increasing a plants resistance to pest is known as…

genetic engineering

A chemical compound produced by plants to ward off insects and herbivores would best be characterized as a…

biopesticide

Which of the following would not be considered a pest?

flu virus

What is a disadvantage of integrated pest management?

requires a high level of expertise

Which of the following was not a characteristic of the Green Revolution

An increase in the variety of agriculture techniques

An approach to make the production of meat production more efficient would be to..

shift to more grain

Today we produce more than enough food to meet the basic nutritional needs of every person on the earth.

True

India once planted 30,000 varieties of rice; now most of the rice comes from how many varieties?

10

Since 1960, there has been only a slight increase in global food production from all systems.

False

About two thirds of the world’s human population survive primarily by eating one or more of three grain crops. What are these three grains?

rice, wheat, and corn

What is a disadvantage of modern synthetic pesticides?

They may become less and less effective

What percentage of the world’s grain production is used to make biofuels such as ethanol for cars?

20%

When the productive potential of soil, especially on arid or semiarid land, falls by 10% or more because of prolonged drought and human activities, ____ occurs.

desertification

Raising animals in feedlots leads to ____.

less land use

The best way to maintain soil fertility is through

soil conservation

Which of the following is an option for reducing desertification?

decrease human contribution to climate change

One benefit of irrigating crops is that it ____.

boosts crop productivity on farms

Which is a disadvantage of using aquaculture to produce fish?

makes dense fish populations more vulnerable to disease

What percentage of all antibiotics used in the United States are added to animal feed?

80%

Just one centimeter of topsoil (0.4 inch) can take a century to form.

True

With traditional intensive agriculture, farmers increase their crop yields by ____.

increasing their inputs of human and draft

Leaving the grass clippings on the lawn after mowing would best be described as…

green manure

The use of government money to support agriculture and keep food prices artificially low are known as..

subsidies

Which of the following defines the growing of a single type of crop?

monoculture

There are no limits to expansion of the green revolutions.

False

What process adds water until the water table rises and envelops the deep roots of plants, resulting in a loss of productivity and ultimately killing them?

waterlogging

Government subsidies to farmers and fishing fleets promote the overexploitation of natural capital.

True

A reduction in the number and variety of crops can best be described as a change in …

agrodiversity

The overall trend in food production is ______________ while the food production per capita is ________________.

increasing, decreasing

Growing different varieties of crops in narrow strips adjacent to one another is known as…

strip cropping

Compared to traditional tillage, conservation tillage

reduces topsoil erosion

What is the largest cause of soil erosion?

flowing water

The overgrazing of animals is most likely to lead to which of the following?

desertification

Which of the following are a consequence of top soil erosion?

all the choices

What occurs in alley cropping?

crops are planted in strips between trees and shrubs