Hormone Classification & Mechanisms: Part 1 & Part 2

Week 2: Tuesday, September 2nd - Thursday September 4th

hormones, neurotransmitters, neurohormones, pheromones, and allmoes are considered ______ because they dont fit into receptors so they’re modified to work and create new chemicals

ligands

true or false: polar hormones are amino acid based

false. polar hormones are cholesterol based

true or false: non-polar hormones are cholesterol based

false. non-polar hormones are amino acid based

true or false: water soluble hormones are polar and can’t pass through the membrane, so they need extracellular receptors

true

true or false: fat soluble hormones are non-polar and can pass through the membrane, so they need intracellular receptors

true

enzymes alter the shape of _______ to create hormones

precursors

the precursor for epinephrine, norepinephrine, doapmine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine is _______. thye are _______ or ________ soluble

tyrosine. fat or water

the precursor for testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone, and vitamin D is a _______. they are _______ soluble

steroid. fat

the precursor for oxytocin, vasopressin, insulin, and secretin is a _______. they are _______ soluble

peptide/protein. water

_______ is an environmental factor that may alter how chemical signals act on DNA to determine which segment is transcribed

epigenetics

_______ regulates other genes by secreting a regulatory protein

regulatory gene

_______ is affected by the regulatory proteins secreted by the regulatory gene (promotor)

regulatory sequence

_______ help genes be expressed at the right time

transcription factors

the _______ has a signal peptide directing it to the Golgi apparatus, where it’s folded into a _______

pre hormone, signal protein

in the Golgi apparatus, the prehormone is processed into a _______ once enzymes remove the signal protein and carbohyrdates are added

prohormone

the hormone and enzymes are moved into secretory vesicles and excreted out of the cell via _______

exocytosis

true or false: hormones and steroids are stored in secretory vesicles within glands where they're produced

false. only hormones are stored in secretory vesicles within glands where they're produced

what two chemicals are involved in exocytosis to release hormones from vesicles?

ATP and Ca²+

during hormone release, the donor membrane forms vesicles and carries hormones inside and the v-SNARE proteins (coding) tell it where to go. this step is known as ________

budding

during hormone release, the vesicle travels on the cytoskeletal filament via motor proteins (has ATP attached), which pulls it to the right location. this step is known as _______

movement

during hormone release, the vesicle approaches the acceptor membrane so tethering factors and complexes can hold it in place while v-SNAREs on the vesicles and t-SNAREs line up. this step is known as _______

tethering

during hormone release, the vesicle and acceptor membrane fuse so the vesicle can release out of the cell, or in another compartment. this step is known as _______

fusion

_______ are synthesized adn immediately absorbed through the membrane

steroid hormones

true or false: hormones circulate in the bloodstream freely in small concentrations, or attached to carrier proteins

true

true or false: hormones bound to carrier proteins can be broken down

false. bound hormones can’t be broken down. separation from carrier proteins is required for hormone effect and destruction

the time it takes for hormone concentration in blood to be reduced by half is the_______

half life

hormones can be broken down by _______, _______, or _______

the liver, kidneys, or muscles (other tissues)

in the liver, a _______ or _______ is added to hormones so they can become more water soluble and leave via urine

sulfate group or acid