(2) Chapter 2: Introduction to C++ Language

Building data structures and algorithms

It requires communicating instructions to a computer, and an excellent way to perform such communication is using a high-level computer language.

high-level computer language

Building data structures and algortihms requires communicating instructions to a computer, and an excellent way to perform such communication is using a _____________.

C++

It is a powerful and flexible programming lanauge, which was designed to build upon the constructs of the C programming language. It is a superset of the C programming language.

C++

Extension to C language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs

Bjarne Stroustrup, Bell Labs

Who developed and where was C++ developed?

C++ Program

It is a collection of commands, which tell the computer to do "something".

C++ Source code

A C++ program is a collection of commands, which tell the computer to do "something". This collection of commands is usually called ____________.

Commands

are either "functions" or "keywords".

Keywords

are a basic building block of the language.

Functions

are, in fact, usually written in terms of simpler functions.

Reasons to Learn C++

❑ Popularity and High Salary

❑ Abundant Library Support

❑ Large Community

❑ Databases

❑ Operating Systems

❑ Compilers

❑ Web Browsers

❑ Graphics

❑ Embedded Systems

❑ Portable

Data Type

Classification that specifies which type of value a variable has and what type of mathematical, relational, or logical operations can be applied to it without causing an error.

Data Type

It has Primitive and Composite

Primitive Data Type, Composite Data Type

These are the two types of Data types in C++

Primitive Data Type

This data type only reads only one value, digit, or character.

Primitive Data Type

Example of this are: int = 3, char = ‘k’, float = 23.5, double = 23.0

Composite Data Type

It consists of multiple values, digits, or characters.

Composite Data Type

Example of this are: string, arrays, etc.

Arrays

collection of homogenous data types

Vectors

mathematical representations of arrays

Strings

combination of characters

Arithmetic Operators

Operators used for mathematical calculations.

+

adds two operands

-

Subtract

*

Multiples both operands

/

Divides numerator by de-numerator

%

gives the remainder of after an integer division

modulus

%

++

increases integer value by one

increment operator

++

decrement operator

--

Relational Operators

Operators used to compare values.

==

Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.

!=

Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.

>

Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

<

Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

>=

Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

<=

Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

Logical Operators

Operators used to combine or modify conditions.

Logical AND Operator

If both the operands are non-zero, then condition becomes true.

Logical AND Operator

Represented by &&

Logical OR Operator

If any of the two operands is non-zero, then condition becomes true.

Logical OR Operator

Represented by ||

Logical NOT Operator

Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make false.

Logical NOT Operator

Represented by !

Bitwise Operators

Operators used to perform operations at the bit level.

Binary AND Operator

• copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.

• &

Binary AND Operator

It gives the binary bit of a value.

Binary OR Operator

• copies a bit if it exists in either operand.

• |

Binary OR Operator

It has rules of:
1 and 1 = 1
0 and 0 = 0
1 and 0 = 0

Binary XOR Operator

• copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.

• ^

Binary XOR Operator

It has rules of:
1 and 1 = 0
0 and 0 = 0
1 and 0 = 1

Binary Ones Complement Operator

• is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.

• ~

Binary Ones Complement Operator

It flips the binary bits of a value.

Binary Left Shift Operator

• The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.

• «

Binary Right Shift Operator

• The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.

• »

Assignment Operators

Operators used to assign values to variables.

=

Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand.

Add AND assignment operator

• It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand

• +=

Subtract AND assignment operator

• It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand.

• -=

Multiply AND assignment operator

• It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand.

• *=

Divide AND assignment operator

• It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand.

• /=

Modulus AND assignment operator

• It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand.

• %=

Left shift AND assignment operator.

<<=

Right shift AND assignment operator.

>>=

Bitwise AND assignment operator.

&=

Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator

^=

Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.

|=

Misc Operators

Operators that do not fall under other categories.

sizeof

returns the size of a variable. For example, sizeof(a) where ‘a’ is an integer and will return 4.

sizeof

it gives the size of bytes that a variable takes up.

sizeof

int main() {
    float b = 10;
    cout << sizeof(b) << " with value of: " << b <<endl;
    return 0;

condition ternary operator

it is considered the “shortcut” or easier way of an if-else statement.

conditional ternary operator

if condition is true, then it returns value of X, otherwise returns value of Y.

condition ternary operator

represented by ? x : y

X

In condition ternary operator ? x : y, what is returned if the condition is true?

Y

In condition ternary operator ? x : y, what is returned if the condition is false?

condition ternary operator

int main() {
    int a = 10, b = 5, c = 0, d = 1;

    int result = (a == b) ? d : c;
    cout << "Result: " << result << endl;

    return 0;

address and pointer

represented by *ptr

address and pointer

int main() {
    int x = 10;
    int *ptr = &x;

    cout << "Address: " << &x << endl;
    cout << "Value: " << *ptr << endl;

    return 0;

comma

causes a sequence of operations to be performed.

comma

represented by ,

comma

the value of the entire _______ expression is the value of the last expression of the comma-separated list.

dot and arrow

it is considered the member operators.

dot

represented by .

arrow

represented by →

member operators

are used to reference individual members of classes, structures, and unions.

dot and arrow

struct Student {
    int id; //102
};

int main() {
    Student s;
    s.id = 101;

    Student *ptr = &s;
    ptr->id = 102;

    cout << s.id << endl;

    return 0;

1. Set the class, struct Student including the variable int id;

2. Establish the class Student as the variable name s

3. s.id tells that the class Student has the variable int id

structure

struct Student {
    int id; //102
};

struct

is used to create a custom data type.

members

inside a structure, you define variable or called ______.

casting operators

convert one data type to another. for example, int(2.200) would return 2.

casting

int main() {
    float num = 3.9;
    int result = (int)num;

    cout << result << endl;
    return 0;

Pointer operator &

returns the address of a variable in HEXADECIMAL form. For example &a; will give actual address of the variable.

Pointer operator *

is pointer to a variable. For example *var; will pointer to a variable var.

semicolon

a statement terminator.

semicolon

each individual statement must be ended with a __________-.

semicolon

It indicates the end of one logical entity.

blocks

is a set of logically connected statements that are surrounded by opening and closing braces.

identifier

is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or any other user-defined item.