propedeutics - horse practical exam Cartes | Quizlet

left

from which side do we approach a horse ?

from left side

1. pass lead rope around neck

2. place noseband over horse's nose

3. bring crownpiece (top strap) up behind ears

4. fasten buckle (left side)

how do you put on a headcollar / halter ?

safety knot

what type of knot to tie-up the horse ?

ear twist

skin fold

lip twitch

lifting a limb

rope support

what are the different immobilization methods

horses attitude

signs of pain

anamnesis

what are the first things we need to assess before touching the horse ?

28 - 40 bpm

adult horse - heart rate range ?

10 - 20 rpm

adult horse - respiratory rate range ?

37 - 38.5

adult horse - temperature range ?

80 - 120 bpm

foal - heart rate range ?

24 - 36 rpm

foal - respiratory rate range ?

37.5 - 39

foal - temperature range ?

position

facial symmetry

visible wounds

trauma

abnormal growths

what is the first thing we check when examining the head ?

cranial to caudal

examination of a horse must be done in which order ?

dermatitis

mobility loss

depigmentation

what are we looking for in the examination of external lips ?

lift upper lip

how do we look at the oral mucous membranes ?

capillary refill time

colouration and hydration of mucous membranes

what do we evaluate in the examination of mucous membranes ?

less than 2 seconds

ideal capillary refill time ?

pale pink and moist

ideal mucous membranes ?

use thumb to open bars of the jaw

externalise laterally the tongue

how do we inspect the oral cavity ?

visible wounds

ulcers

colour

movement

smell

what are we looking for in the examination of the tongue ?

physiological / pathological morphological changes that cause damage

(enamel tips, hooks)

what are we looking for in the examination of premolars & molars ?

evaluate correct fusion

(especially foals)

what are we looking for in the examination of palate ?

maxillary artery

facial artery

where can we take the arterial pulse ?

maxillary artery (pulse)

what is being palpated ?

facial artery (pulse)

what is being palpated ?

! side of face !

where do we stand when evaluating nostrils ?

hands in front of nostrils (regularity and same flow in both)

how do we assess airflow symmetry ?

airflow symmetry

observe mucosa

response of sensory hairs to tactile stimulus

nasolacrimal duct opening

what is done during nostril examination ?

nasolacrimal duct opening

what is this ?

just behind mandible on both sides of neck

where can the parotid gland be palpated ?

submandibular

retropharyngeal

prescapular

precrural

which lymph nodes are palpable on a horse ?

submandibular lymph node

red ?

parotid gland

green ?

retropharyngeal lymph node

blue ?

prescapular lymph node

purple ?

precrural lymph node

pink ?

symmetry

what are we looking for when INSPECTING the sinuses ?

heat

pain

fluctuation

instability

changes in consistency

what are we looking for when PALPATING the sinuses ?

frontal sinus (upper forehead)

maxillary sinus (cranial to molar teeth)

where do we PERCUSS the sinuses ?

guttural pouch

white circle ?

sliding eyelids laterally

how do we evaluate the conjunctival mucosa ?

dorsal margin of the iris

location of corpora nigra ?

block and filter sunlight

aid pupil constriction

improve depth perception

function of corpora nigra ?

medial corner of the eye

location of nasolacrimal duct ?

gentle tactile stimuli on sensory hairs/eyelashes

what is the palpebral reflex ?

trigeminal nerve (V)

facial nerve (VII)

which nerves are being evaluated in the palpebral reflex ?

a quick movement towards the eye

what is the menace response ?

optic nerve (II)

facial nerve (VII)

which nerves are being evaluated in the menace response ?

exerting pressure at base of ear -> crackling = otitis

what is the click test ?

skin tent

jugular fill/emptying time

how do we assess horses hydration ?

nostril movement

flank movement

tracheal auscultation

how can we determine respiratory rate in a horse ?

in 3 points : proximal, middle, distal

how do we auscultate the trachea ?

5 intercostal points per side:

3 dorsal

2 ventral

Normal = quiet sounds (sometimes masked by gut sounds)

lung auscultation on a horse ?

slap shoulder -> to generate abduction reflex of laryngeal cartilage

what is a slap test ?

left side - 5th ICS

placement for ausculation of mitral valve ?

left side - 4th ICS

placement for ausculation of aortic valve ?

left side - 3rd ICS

placement for ausculation of pulmonic valve ?

right side - 4th ICS

placement for ausculation of tricupsid valve ?

right dorsal quadrant (borborygmi)

placement for auscultation of ileocecal valve ?

right dorsal

left dorsal

right ventral

left ventral

what are the 4 quadrants for abdomen ausculation ?

6-8 bowel movements per minute

normal intestinal motility ?

stand on side, lateralize tail

insert thermometer diagonally

proper technique to take horses temperature ?

standing laterally, facing caudal

proper technique to lift limbs ?

hoof tester

what tool is being used ?

accessory carpal bone

which palpable bone structure is 55 ?

proximal extremity of metatarsals and rudimentary metatarsals

which palpable bone structure is 45 ?

distal extremity of MC II/IV (terminal buttons)

what palpable bone structure is 46 ?

distal extremity of rudimentary metatarsals

which palpable bone structure is 46 ?

calcaneum tuberculosis

what is palpable bone structure 42 ?

gastrocnemius muscle

what is this ?

proximal sesamoid bones

what is 49 ?

sesamoid level - palmar/plantar digital artery

where do we take the digital pulse ?

pastern joint

what joint for P1 - P2

coffin joint

what joint for P2 - P3

fetlock joint

what joint for MIII - P1

long pastern bone

phalange 1 is also known as ?

short pastern bone

phalange 2 is also known as ?

coffin bone

phalange 3 is also known as ?

just above caudal part of coffin bone

where is the navicular bone located ?

taking the digital pulse

what is happening here ?

flex each joint, applying pressure to check for pain response

what happens during the passive flexion test ?

superficial digital flexor tendon

deep digital flexor tendon

suspensory ligament of the fetlock

the most important package of a horse's limb is composed of what structures ?

deep digital flexor tendon

what is 4 ?

suspensory ligament of the fetlock

what structure is coloured in purple ?

superficial digital flexor tendon

what is 8 ?

soft & hard ground

straight line & in circles

at walk, trot & canter

how is the horse evaluated in a dynamic exam ?

Flex each joint → pressure

Distal joints: 30 sec

Proximal joints: 45 sec

Immediately trot on hard ground

how to perform active flexing test ?

intramuscular

intravenous

oral

what are the 3 ways to administer medication to horses ?

neck (triangle)

pectoral muscles

semitendinous/semimembranous muscles

which areas to do an intramuscular injection ?

jugular vein

which is the most common area for intravenous injection ?

Needle alone (no syringe) at 30° angle → check blood:

Vein = dark, no pressure

Artery = bright red, spurting (WRONG!)

Connect syringe after confirmation.

what steps must we take to complete intravenous injection ?

through diastema, head slightly elevated

how do we administer medication orally ?

the triangle where we can administer intramuscular injections

what is this image showing ?

the different areas for intramuscular injections

what is this diagram showing ?

applying pressure to fill jugular vein

what is this image showing ?

administering oral medication

what is this image showing ?