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crime definition
an action that results in breaking a written, formal rule in society e.g. murder
deviant definition
behaviour that doesnt conform to the dominant norms of society e.g. sitting next to a stranger on an empty bus
what can change whether something is deviant or criminal
time period - past/present - homosexuality
place - killing in the army vs society
culture - arranged marriages
social situation - drinking at 8am in public vs airport
anomie definition
society lacks clear norms and values which leads to a break down in social order and more crime - CHAOS
what do functionalists think about crime and deviant behaviour
it is a necessary part of society as it serves to define and reinforce social norms and values
provides a clear boundary by whats right and wrong
society needs a form of punishment to maintain social order
Merton
strain theory
people use illegitimate means to achieve their goals because they dont have the means to do it without criminal behaviour
functionalist
Cohen f
status frustration
people e.g. working class dont have the position they want in society and turn to other methods to get it e.g. a gang
functionalist
what do marxists think if crime and deviant behaviour
crime happens because of the way the bourgeoisie exploit and control the working class
capitalism is the driving force behind crime
prison reinforces the power and wealth of ruling class
its a result of working class oppression
what do marxists think about the laws and legal system
they arent neutral and are shaped by the interests of those who hold power in society and are used to maintain their dominance over marginalised groups
what do marxists think about capitalism
it promotes criminogenic values such as greed which results in the working class resorting to crime
what do feminists think about crime and deviant behaviour
its created by the power dynamics in society
its a result of the way men use their power to exploit and control women
Hiedensohn
social control
women are less likely to commit crime because of their socialisation and expectation placed on them by society: triple shift
women are treated more harshly than men because it isnt expected
feminist
where does hiedensohn say women are controlled
at home - their time is taken up with domestic chores
in public - women are controlled by the threat of male violence e.g. cant go out at night
at work - the glass ceiling
controlled by fathers brothers and husbands
what do interactionists think of crime and deviant behaviour
they are a product of certain actions in society
they focus on how people in power e.g. media are who decide what is criminal and deviant
this behaviour is a result of the way people are labelled
what is a victim survey
a survey reporting a crime from the victim
what is a problem with victim surveys
they might be able to fill it in due to risk of being harmed e.g. domestic violence
what is the dark figure of crime
crimes go unreported, unnoticed e.g. white collar crime
what is a self report study
a survey that is submitted by the offender of the crime but they arent reliable bc not many crinals admit to what they do
who are the mods and rockers
example of moral panic
they would fight on streets of south england which led to widespread fear about “youths” undermining laws
subcultures
the mods
rode scooters
listens to R&B
wore suits
the rockers
rode motorcycles
listened to rock music
wore leather jackets
an example of socially constructed deviance
teenagers walking around in big groups at night
what do marxists say about the law
it is made by people in the ruling class to exploit the proletariat
practical issues of OCS
cost
access
time
ethical issues of OCS
confidential
right to withdraaw
anonymous
protection from harm
informed consent
strength of OCS
useful to see trends
easy to analyse
free
easy access
weakness of OCS
not detail
no one can withdrw
strength of a victim survey
people may not be as scared
weakness of a victime survey
people can lie on them
many people wont be able to
biological factors that people commit crime because of
50% of female crimes are when they are on their menstrual cycle
high cheek bones
curly hair
psycological factors that make people commit crime
maternal deprivation - they lacked attention and so commit crime to make up for that
how does socialisation affect ciminal bahviour
charles murray (New right) says that one parent household lead to children being inadequately socialised
how does labelling affect criminal behaviour
class
age
gender
ethnicity
social class
how do subcultures affect criminal behaviour
being in a gang
how does gender socialisation result in different crime rates between men and women
canalisation - girls taught to stay home and be safe and boys want to go out and act tough
bedroom culture
who came up with the bedroom culture
McRobbie
how are different opportunities the reasn for crime rate gaps between men and women
women have less opportunity to commit crime because of triple shift
women also dont stay out as late
what is the chivalry thesis
women are treated more leniently in the justie system because they are seen as “sad not bad”
criticise - the justice system is no longer lenient
how does chivalry thesis lead to different crime rates between men and women
women are treated more leniently and alway asked if a man made them commit the crime - they arent puncished as often
Carlen
feminist
class deal - offers women material rewards - wage
gender deal - family offers emotional rewards with the husband
what are the 4 factors carlen identified to show women break the law
more women in poverty - lack of class deal
more women in residential care - no gender deal
more women doing drugs - not in right frame of mind
women in search of more entertainment -
ladette culture
women are becoming more like men in their actions
drinking and fighting
joining gangs
reflects a change in social behaviour
stephen lawrence
police is instiutionally racist
only tried to solve it when nelson mandlla came in
took at least a week
marginalisation
individuals or groups are forced to stay away from main sector of society - mainly BAME people
they miss out on the desired staus and so commit crime
moral panics
a widespread far where a person or group is going to threaten society or a community
over representation in OCS
BAME people are over represented because white collar crimes go undetected
examples of formal social control
writen laws
houses of parliament
judges
prison
examples of informal social control
family members
peers
teachers
work collegues
broken window theory
sociologists bleive broken windows are a symbol of crime in society
provides places for crimes to happen
hypodermic needle theory
the media injects views and attitudes on to the public
public passivly agree with them
hypodermic needle criticism
assumes audience dont have their own views
little evidence that the media has such a large effect
who came up with the theory of moral panics and folk devils
cohen
interactionist
whats an example of a folk devil
Manson
what is a folk devil
a person of group of people who are portrayed as outsiders and deviant by the media
what is deviancy amplification
when crime of deviant behaviour is icreased by the media
what do marxists argue about the media
ruling class benefit from moral panic
they distract people from problems in society e.g. inequality
also creates profit
does the media create crime - AGREE
yes - moral panics (mods and rockers) to take the attention away from themselves
anti societal subcultures are made when people disagree with the media
does the media create crime - DISAGREE
no mods and rockers only created £200 worth of damage
no they just use it to distarct people from themselves
status frustration
strain theory
carlen
