CHEM 115 EXAM 4

E equation

E= hv(v=frequency) or E=h(c/wavelength)

Photon E

Tiny Energy Packets

Wave Particle Duality

any particle can have wave property and a wave property can have a particle property

De Broglie Relationship

wavelength = h(j*s)/(m kg*velocity m/s)

The De Broglie Relationship describes the wave-like behavior of particles by relating their wavelength to their momentum, suggesting that all matter exhibits both wave and particle characteristics. )

quantinized

The concept that certain properties, such as energy, can only take specific discrete values rather than a continuous range, often seen in quantum mechanics.

Absorbing E

energy is added and makes electrons go up to the next level before dropping back down and the extra energy shoots off as a photon

Rydberg Equation (or Photon equation)

(1/wavelength) = R(Rydberg constant) ((1/n²)-(1/m²))

Rydberg Constant

1.097×10^-2

Quantum Number Rules

1. Principle Quantum Number (shell #) n= 1,2,3,….

2. Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) determines the shape of the orbital, where l = 0, 1, 2,…,(n-1).(subshell # or secondary Quantum #)

3. The Magnetic Quantum Number (m_l) describes the orientation of the orbital with values ranging from -l to +l.

4. Spin Quantum Number Ms= +(1/2), -(1/2)

Shape of Orbital - S orbital

Spherical

Shape of Orbital - P Orbital

Dumbbell

Aufbam Principle

1. fill electron to the lowest energy orbital first (lowest energy level)

2. 2 electrons in each orbital

3. electrons fill degenerate orbitals (dashes in same subshell)

Orbitals S, P, D can hold _________ electrons each

s= 2

p= 6

d=10

Nobel Gass Electron Configuration

It has 8 electrons in valence shell ( most stable it can get) — octet

Exceptions in Electron Configurations

Cr [Ar] 4s^1, 3d^5

Cu [Ar] 4s^1, 3d^10

(1/2 filled or fully filled d orbitals provide extra stability to the electron configuration)

Electron Configurations of Ions

Always gains or loses electrons to or from the valence shell

Isoelectronic

particles having the same electron configuration

Paramagnetic

• an atom adjusts its own alignment according to the magnetic field

• has unpaired electron in electron configuration = response ti magnetic field

• all odd # atoms are paramagnetic

Diamagnetic

• an atom that doesn’t respond to a magnetic field

• no unpaired electrons = no response to the magnetic field

• Nobel Gasses and alkaline earth metal (group 2) are diamagnetic

Periodic Properties (Periodicity): Atomic Radius

the distance of nucleus from the outermost valence electron (atomic size)

• as you go up on the table you decrease and as you go right you decrease (so the further up and to the right you are the more compact the radius is)

Zeff

• your sub. non - valence electrons from the nucleus because they are pushing valence electrons away

• Z - #nonvalence electrons = Zeff