Adv Bio S1 Midterm

independent variable

the cause, independent of other variables, is manipulated by the experimenter to gain data

dependent variable

the affected variable, dependent on changes from the independent variable, often the outcome being tested for

control group

the group in the study that does not receive any special treatment, often the 'normal' group that the independent variable is being compared to; not always in an experiment

hypothesis

a specific, testable statement of what might happen in an experiment. Must be falsifiable, testable, etc.

observation

the act of noticing and understanding scientific information from a primary source

inference

the process of drawing conclusions based on evidence or reasoning

characteristics of life

1. made of cells

2. uses energy

3. can respond to stimuli

4. can reproduce

5. grow and develop

ALL MUST APPLY TO BE CONSIDERED ALIVE!

macromolecule

a large molecule made up of many smaller parts

polymer

smaller parts of a macromolecule, made up of smaller parts called monomers

monomer

smaller parts that make up polymers

types of macromolecules

1. carbohydrates

2. lipids

3. proteins

4. nucleic acids

types of monomers

1. monosaccharides

2. fatty acids

3. amino acids

4. nucleotides

carbohydrates

molecules made of sugar

monosaccharides

monomer (building block) of carbohydrates, single sugar

disaccharides

two sugars

polysaccharides

many/2+ sugars, polymers

lipids

chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and hydrogen atoms (includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes)

phospholipids

a lipid with a phosphate group in its molecule

proteins

molecules made up of amino acids

nucleic acids

a long chain of nucleotides

nucleotide

molecule made up of 3 parts: sugar, base, and phosphate group, monomer/building block of nucleic acids

enzyme

a biological substance (generally protein) produced to catalyze, or speed up, chemical reactions

catalyst

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, or lowers the temperature and pressure needed to start one, without expending itself in a process

activation energy

the amount of energy required to activate a chemical reaction

substrate

the substance that an enzyme acts on in a chemical reaction

active site

a restricted region of an enzyme molecule that binds to a substrate

inhibitors

chemical or biological molecules that block chemical reactions by working to slow down or stop enzymes

cofactors

often metal ions, a non-protein chemical compound that increases the rate of reaction or helps an enzyme function

coenzymes

a non-protein molecule, specific helper or partner to an enzyme (organic)

enzyme-substrate complex

a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to a substrate

products

the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction, made from a substrate and enzyme, released from the active site

anabolic reaction

a chemical reaction in which more than one substrate are combined to make a larger product, requires the input of energy

denature

irreversible change in the enzyme's active site shape due to a change in the protein structure, that causes the enzyme to no longer fit the substrate

monosaccharide structure

chain of carbon and hydrogen

fatty acid structure

chain of carbon and hydrogen and carboxyl group

amino acid structure

amino group and carboxyl group and r group

nucleotide structure

five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.

Robert Hooke

discovered cells around 1665 when he was improving the design of the microscope and found them when observing a piece of cork

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

made better lenses for the microscope and observed cells in greater detail; he saw single-celled organisms swimming in a sample of pond water and named them animalcules

Matthias Scleiden

proposed plants are made of cells in 1838

Theodor Schwann

proposed animals are made of cells in 1839

Robert Virchow

concluded that new cells could only come from pre-existing cells

cell theory

1. all living organisms are composed of cells

2. all existing cells arise from other living cells

3. the cell is the most basic unit of life

prokaryotic

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles; dna is 'floating' in the cytoplasm

simple structure, single-celled, small in size, no nucleus/m-b organelles

ex: bacteria

eukaryotic

has a nucleus that contains the DNA and membrane bound organelles

complex structure, can build multicellular organisms, larger, nucleus, m-b organelles

ex: all other cells (can be classified into plant and animal cells)

cell wall

protection, structural support

chloroplasts

makes energy (glucose) through photosynthesis (plant cells)

cell membrane

controls what enters and exists the cells, lipid bilayer

vacuole

holds/stores water

nucleus

'brain' of the cell, surrounded by lipid bilayer, contains most DNA

mitochondria

makes energy, cellular respiration

nucleolus

makes ribosomes

ser

makes and transports lipids, 'highway of the cell'

rer

transports proteins, 'highway of the cell'

ribosome

makes proteins

cytoplasm

jelly-like substance in which all other organelles are suspended in

golgi apparatus

helps package and ship proteins and sometimes lipids out of the cell

lysosomes

helps with digestion/waste removal

passive membrane transport

requires no energy; goes with the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

active membrane transport

requires energy; goes against the concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

osmosis

movement of water (passive)

diffusion

movement of molecules (passive)

hypotonic osmosis

solute concentration lower outside of the cell compared to inside

hypertonic osmosis

solute concentration higher outside of the cell compared to inside

isotonic osmosis

solute concentration equal inside and outside of the cell

phagocytosis

cell eating

pinocytosis

cell drinking

exocytosis

removal of waste or material

cellular respiration

the process of breaking down nutrients to release energy

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

(both plant and animal cells)

glycolysis

breaks down glucose into pyruvate, occurs in cytoplasm

citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)

further breaks down pyruvate, occurs in mitochondrial matrix

electron transport chain

produces most ATP, occurs in mitochondria

photosynthesis

the process by which plants use sunlight to produce glucose

photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

chlorophyll

a pigment necessary for photosynthesis in plant cells that absorbs every color of light except for green, making plants appear that color

light-dependent reactions

captures light energy from the sun and converts it into ATP and NADPH

light independent reactions (calvin cycle)

uses ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions to make sugar (glucose)

heredity

the process of passing traits from parents to offspring

genetics

The scientific study of heredity in organisms

trait

specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

allele

the gene form for each variation of a trait

genotype

an organisms gene or allele combination

phenotype

the physical appearance or characteristics of an organism

homozygous

having identical alleles for a particular trait

heterozygous

having nonidentical alleles for a particular trait

dominant

a visible trait of an organism that masks a recessive trait

recessive

a hidden trait of an organism that is masked by a dominant trait

codominance

an inheritance pattern in which both alleles from the parent are expressed in the offspring; neither masked or hidden

incomplete dominance

an inheritance pattern in which neither allele is dominant and the offspring demonstrates an intermediate form of the alleles from parents, showing a new form of the trait

sex-linked trait

specific characteristics that are inherited from parents and are passed on the x or y chromosomes

purebred

organism that is genetically uniform (homozygous)