US HISTORY FINAL UPDATED

Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)

Guaranteed free and appropriate public education to children with disabilities.

Section 504 (of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973)

Prohibits discrimination based on disability in any federally funded program or activity.

Special Olympics

Program providing sports training and competition for children and adults with intellectual disabilities, founded by Eunice Kennedy Shriver.

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)

An oil cartel that caused major fuel shortages and price hikes in the U.S. during the 1970s.

Carter’s Pardon of Draft Dodgers (1977)

President Carter granted amnesty to those who avoided the Vietnam War draft.

Three Mile Island (1979)

A nuclear accident in Pennsylvania that raised fears about nuclear energy safety.

“Say No to Drugs”

An anti-drug campaign led by First Lady Nancy Reagan during the 1980s.

Air Traffic Controller Strike (1981)

Striking air traffic controllers were fired by President Reagan, showing his tough stance on unions.

“Reaganomics”

Reagan’s economic policy focused on tax cuts, reduced government spending, and deregulation to stimulate growth.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A federal agency created in 1970 to protect human health and the environment.

Clean Water Act (1972)

Set standards to reduce water pollution and protect U.S. waterways.

Endangered Species Act (1973)

Protects species at risk of extinction and their habitats.

Clean Air Act (1970)

Regulates air emissions to reduce pollution and protect public health.

Rachel Carson

Environmentalist whose book Silent Spring helped launch the modern environmental movement.

Silent Spring (1962)

A book that exposed the dangers of pesticides like DDT and inspired environmental reform.

Ralph Nader

Consumer advocate and third-party presidential candidate; known for promoting car safety.

Ross Perot

Billionaire who ran as an independent in the 1992 election; focused on the national debt and trade.

“Silent Majority”

Term used by Nixon to describe Americans who did not protest and supported traditional values.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion nationwide under the right to privacy.

Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept. of Health (1990)

Upheld the right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment under certain conditions.

Immigration Control and Reform Act of 1986

Granted amnesty to some undocumented immigrants and penalized employers hiring them illegally.

Immigration Act of 1965

Ended quotas based on nationality and allowed more immigrants from Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Cesar Chavez

Latino labor leader who co-founded the United Farm Workers to fight for migrant workers’ rights.

Russell Means

Native American activist and leader of the American Indian Movement (AIM).

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote in the U.S.

Title IX (1972)

Banned gender discrimination in educational programs receiving federal funds, especially sports.

NOW (National Organization for Women)

Founded in 1966 to advocate for women’s rights and equality.

Young Lords

Puerto Rican civil rights group focused on neighborhood empowerment and social justice.

AIM (American Indian Movement)

Advocated for Native American rights and sovereignty.

Occupation of Alcatraz and Wounded Knee

Protests by Native American activists to draw attention to broken treaties and poor conditions.

Morse v. Frederick (2007)

Ruled schools can restrict student speech that promotes illegal drug use.

New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)

Gave schools the authority to search students with reasonable suspicion.

Veronia School District v. Acton (1995)

Upheld random drug testing for student-athletes.

Bethel v. Fraser (1986)

Allowed schools to punish students for lewd or indecent speech.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Ruled school-sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Protected students’ rights to free speech in schools (black armbands for Vietnam protest).

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Established the principle of 'one person, one vote' in redistricting.

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Ruled that suspects have the right to an attorney during police questioning.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Established that evidence obtained illegally can’t be used in court (exclusionary rule).

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Required police to inform suspects of their rights (Miranda rights) before questioning.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Guaranteed the right to a court-appointed attorney in criminal cases.

Terry v. Ohio (1968)

Allowed police to stop and frisk a person based on reasonable suspicion.