AP Euro Kumer Unit III

First Industrial Revolution

Late 1700s shift from hand production to machines using water and steam power.

Textiles

Cloth production industry that led early industrialization with machines like spinning jennies.

Crystal Palace

Glass-and-iron building for the 1851 Great Exhibition celebrating industrial success.

Second Industrial Revolution

Late 1800s expansion using steel, electricity, oil, and chemicals.

Factory system

Production system with centralized workplaces, machines, and wage labor.

Railroads

Transportation network that connected markets, lowered costs, and unified nations.

Urbanization cc

Rapid growth of cities due to industrial job opportunities.

Monopolies

Businesses that dominate an industry and eliminate competition.

Tariffs

Taxes on imports used to protect domestic industries and raise revenue.

Proletariat

Industrial working class dependent on wages for survival.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class owners of factories, businesses, and capital.

Middle class

Social group of professionals, managers, and merchants.

Trade unions

Worker organizations demanding better wages, hours, and safety.

Mutual Aid Societies

Worker-run groups providing insurance, aid, and support.

Commercialization of agriculture

Farming focused on profit, markets, and mechanization.

Nuclear family

Small family unit of parents and children.

Cult of Domesticity

Belief that women’s role was in the home and child-rearing.

Family

Social unit whose roles shifted due to industrial work patterns.

Mass Leisure

Recreation made possible by shorter work hours and higher wages.

Consumerism

Focus on buying goods as a sign of success and comfort.

Mass marketing

Advertising designed to reach large groups of consumers.

Laissez-faire

Economic policy supporting minimal government regulation.

Liberalism

Ideology favoring individual rights, constitutions, and free markets.

Popular sovereignty

Principle that political power comes from the people.

Individual rights

Legal freedoms such as speech, religion, and assembly.

Female suffrage

Movement for women’s right to vote.

Universal male suffrage

Expansion of voting rights to all adult men.

Conservatism

Support for tradition, monarchy, and social order.

Socialism

Ideology calling for shared ownership and economic equality.

Marxism

Karl Marx’s theory of class struggle leading to communism.

Anarchism

Belief that society should exist without government authority.

Nationalism

Loyalty to a nation based on shared culture and identity.

Anti-Semitism

Discrimination and hostility toward Jewish people.

Zionism

Movement advocating a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Government reforms

Changes meant to address social, political, or economic problems.

Modern police force

Professional law enforcement created to maintain urban order.

Compulsory education

Laws requiring children to attend school.

Mass politics

Increased political participation by ordinary citizens.

Labor unions

Organized workers using collective bargaining and strikes.

Feminism

Movement seeking political, legal, and social equality for women.

Concert of Europe

Alliance system to maintain peace after Napoleon’s defeat.

Congress System

Diplomatic meetings to resolve European conflicts peacefully.

Metternich

Austrian leader who defended conservatism and monarchy.

Conservatism

Resistance to liberalism and revolutionary change.

Revolutions of 1848

Widespread liberal and nationalist uprisings that mostly failed.

Crimean War

War that weakened Russia and exposed military weaknesses.

Italian Unification

Creation of a unified Italy through war and diplomacy.

German Unification

Formation of Germany led by Prussia.

Napoleon III

French ruler who modernized France and expanded empire.

Cavour

Italian statesman who unified Italy through diplomacy.

Bismarck

Prussian leader who unified Germany using Realpolitik.

Dual Monarchy/Austria-Hungary

Compromise creating two equal governments under one ruler.

Revolution of 1905 (Russia)

Failed uprising that forced limited reforms.

Realpolitik

Practical politics based on power and results.

Garibaldi

Military leader who unified southern Italy.

Bismarckian System of Alliances

Treaties designed to maintain European stability.

Balkans

Region with strong nationalism and ethnic tensions.

Great Powers

Dominant European states with global influence.

Imperialism

Policy of expanding control over foreign territories.

Scientific realism

Belief that science reveals objective truth.

Romanticism

Movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism.

Realism

Artistic movement portraying everyday life realistically.

Materialism

Belief that physical and economic forces shape society.

Positivism

Idea that science is the only true source of knowledge.

Charles Darwin

Scientist who proposed evolution by natural selection.

Social Darwinism

Misuse of Darwin’s ideas to justify inequality.

Scientific Socialism

Marx’s claim that socialism follows historical laws.

Relativism

View that truth depends on context and perspective.

Sigmund Freud

Thinker who stressed unconscious mental processes.

Subconscious

Part of the mind influencing behavior without awareness.

Einstein

Scientist who reshaped understanding of space and time.

Quantum mechanics

Science explaining behavior of matter at atomic levels.

Impressionism

Art focusing on light, color, and momentary scenes.

Post-Impressionism

Art emphasizing structure, symbolism, and emotion.

Cubism

Art movement breaking subjects into geometric forms.