Human Development, Prenatal Growth, and Research Methods (Ch2-6)

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering genetics, prenatal development, teratogens, developmental theories, and research methods based on class lecture material.

The genetic material inherited from biological parents is called the __________.

genotype

The observable expression of a genotype, including body characteristics and behavior, is known as the __________.

phenotype

The study of how genes are expressed depending on the environment is called __________.

epigenetics

Genes that control the activity of other genes are known as __________ genes.

regulator

Different forms of a gene are known as __________.

alleles

When both alleles for a trait are similar, the individual is __________ for that trait.

homozygous

When both alleles for a trait are different, the individual is __________ for that trait.

heterozygous

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects approximately $1$ in __________ live births.

$$3000$$

The process by which children actively select surroundings and experiences compatible with their genetic predispositions is called __________.

niche picking

The science examining how the combination of genetic and environmental factors affects variation in behavior is called __________ genetics.

behavioral

The period of the embryo lasts from week $3$ to week __________ after conception.

$$8$$

The period of the fetus spans from week __________ of gestation until birth.

$$9$$

The age of viability, when most fetal systems function well enough for a good chance of survival, is __________ weeks.

$$22\text{--}28$$

According to the sensitive periods diagram, the period of the embryo is most sensitive to major __________ abnormalities.

structural

Black and Native American women are $2$ to __________ times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes than white women.

$$4$$

The framework proposing that cumulative exposure to multiple prenatal risk factors increases likelihood of developmental issues is the __________-risk model.

multiple

Approximately $15$ percent of detected pregnancies end in __________.

miscarriage

Environmental agents that may cause harm in a growing human organism are known as __________.

teratogens

Fetal exposure to the Zika virus can lead to severe __________ and brain damage.

microcephaly

In the CHARGE study, maternal residential proximity to organophosphate pesticides during gestation was associated with a $60$ percent increased risk for __________.

ASD

Teratogenic damage that is not apparent until years later, such as reproductive issues during adolescence, is known as a __________ effect.

sleeper

As illustrated by the life cycle of a butterfly, developmental changes occurring in distinct stages reflect developmental __________.

discontinuity

Sigmund Freud proposed the __________ theory, which attributes personality and behavior to the unconscious mind and psychosexual impulses.

psychoanalytic

Albert Bandura formulated Social Learning Theory, emphasizing reciprocal determinism and __________ learning.

observational

According to Piaget's Stage Theory shown below, the stage governed by senses and motor actions from birth to $2$ years is the __________ stage.

sensorimotor

In Piaget's theory, the stage spanning ages $2\text{--}7$ years characterized by symbolic representations and egocentric thinking is the __________ stage.

preoperational

Lev Vygotsky defined the range between unsupported child performance and performance with optimal social support as the zone of __________ development.

proximal

Temporary support provided by a more skilled individual to guide a child to higher-level thinking is called social __________.

scaffolding

The Bioecological Model of environmental influences depicted below was proposed by __________.

Bronfenbrenner

The examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by the researcher is called __________ observation.

naturalistic

As defined in the table below, examining a child's behavior under identical, controlled situations is called __________ observation.

structured

Detailed investigations of a single individual or small group, such as the famous study of Patient H.M., are known as __________ studies.

case

In an experimental design, the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is the __________ variable.

independent

A study comparing children of different ages on a given characteristic at a single point in time uses a __________ design.

cross-sectional

A study in which the same participants are observed repeatedly over a substantial period of time uses a __________ design.

longitudinal

A research design combining cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches over time is called a __________ design.

sequential