Ch. 38 Human Reproduction

Flashcards about human reproduction

What are the main functions of the male reproductive system?

The production of sperm and their delivery to the female.

What are the key components of the male reproductive anatomy?

Sperm, glandular secretions, testes, and scrotum.

What is the pathway sperm takes as it leaves the testes?

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis, and ejaculation.

What are the main functions of the female reproductive system?

To produce eggs, receive sperm, and provide an environment for a fertilized egg to develop.

What are the key components of the female reproductive anatomy?

Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and vagina.

What do ovaries contain and produce?

Follicles that nurture eggs and produce sex hormones.

What is puberty?

When secondary sex characteristics develop and the potential for sexual reproduction is reached.

What are the secondary sex characteristics in males due to testosterone?

Body hair, muscle development, and a deep voice.

What are the secondary sex characteristics in females due to estrogen?

Breasts, broadened pelvis, and distribution of body fat.

What is the role of androgens in the testes?

Stimulate sperm production and maintain homeostasis by inhibiting FSH and LH secretion.

What happens during oogenesis?

Lifetime supply of primary oocytes present at birth, one matures each month.

What is the corpus luteum?

A structure that results from the part of the follicle that remains in the ovary after ovulation.

What is the menstrual cycle?

A series of changes in the female reproductive system that includes producing an egg and preparing the uterus for receiving it.

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

The flow phase, the follicular phase, and the luteal phase.

What occurs during the flow phase of the menstrual cycle?

Shedding of blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells that made up the lining of the uterus.

What happens during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

The follicle secretes estrogen, which stimulates the repair of the endometrial lining of the uterus.

What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Progesterone increases the blood supply of the endometrium.

What are the the functions of FSH & LH?

Released from pituitary, stimulates egg development & hormone release, peak release = release of egg (ovulation).

What is the function of Estrogen?

Secreted by ovaries, stimulates development of uterine lining.

What is the function of Progesterone?

Secreted by corpus luteum, maintains uterine lining.

What is fertilization?

The union of a sperm and an egg to form a diploid zygote

What is implantation?

Fertilized egg implants in thickened uterine lining the embryo starts to secrete the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

What is cleavage?

Rapid succession of cell divisions (Mitotic) that creates a multicellular embryo from the zygote; NO growth.

What is a morula?

Solid ball of cells.

What is a blastula?

Single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel

What is the amnion?

Fluid filled sac for protection.

What is the chorion?

Will form the embryo’s part of the placenta.

What is the yolk sac?

Produces first blood cells & germ cells.

What is the allantois?

Will form the umbilical cord (ropelike structure that attaches embryo to uterus).

What is development?

Early stage of development of multicellular organism

What is gestation?

Pregnancy

What happens during the first trimester of pregnancy?

First three months, the most rapid changes occur.

What happens during the second trimester of pregnancy?

Increase in size of fetus and general refinement of human features.

What happens during the third trimester of pregnancy?

Growth and preparation for birth.

What is labor?

Physiological and physical changes a female goes through to give birth.

What are the three stages of labor?

Dilation of the cervix, expulsion, and delivery of the placenta.

What happens during Dilation of the cervix?

Cervix reaches full dilation at 10cm, longest stage of labor (6-12 hours or longer).

What happens during Expulsion?

Period from full dilation of the cervix to delivery of the infant, uterine contractions occur every 2-3 minutes.

When does delivery of the placenta usually occur?

Usually occurs within 15 minutes after the birth of the baby