FINAL review SS 8th

A company that controls an entire industry, allowing it to set prices and eliminate competition.

What is a monopoly?

An organization of workers formed to advocate for better working conditions, wages, and rights.

What is a labor union?

A reform movement in the early 1900s aimed at addressing problems caused by industrialization.

What is progressivism?

The belief that native-born citizens are superior to immigrants, often leading to discriminatory laws.

What is nativism?

Journalists who exposed corruption and unsafe conditions, prompting reforms.

Who were muckrakers?

Franklin D. Roosevelt's series of programs to provide relief and jobs during the Great Depression.

What was the New Deal?

A U.S. foreign policy strategy aimed at preventing the spread of communism after World War II.

What is containment?

Nonviolent protest against unjust laws, notably led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. during the Civil Rights Movement.

What is civil disobedience?

Ratified in 1920, it granted women the right to vote in the United States.

What does the 19th Amendment state?

Factories became the new economic center, replacing farms.

What role did factories play in the Industrial Revolution?

Cities grew rapidly as people moved there to find factory jobs.

How did urbanization relate to the Industrial Revolution?

The manufacturing of large quantities of products efficiently using assembly lines.

What is mass production?

An industrialist who revolutionized manufacturing by introducing the assembly line.

Who was Henry Ford?

A group of companies that work together to control a market and set prices.

What is a trust in business?

An economic philosophy of minimal government intervention in business.

What does laissez-faire mean?

Negotiation between labor unions and employers regarding wages and working conditions.

What is collective bargaining?

A work stoppage initiated by employees to demand better conditions or pay.

What is a strike?

Overcrowded and often poorly built apartment buildings where many immigrants lived.

What are tenements?

It highlighted unsafe working conditions and led to demands for workplace safety laws.

What did the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire expose?

Sensational reporting that often exaggerates or distorts the truth.

What are yellow journalists known for?

A business leader who uses unethical practices to amass wealth.

What is a robber baron?

A captain of industry is viewed positively for contributing to society, while a robber baron exploits it.

What is the difference between a robber baron and a captain of industry?

A reaction to the issues caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization.

What sparked the Progressive Era?

An American policy to ensure equal trading rights in China.

What was the Open Door Policy?

It shortened sea routes between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, facilitating trade.

What is the significance of the Panama Canal?

The influence of yellow journalism and American support for Cuba.

What led to the Spanish-American War?

The United States gained territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War?

Multiple factors, including militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.

What caused World War I?

The unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany.

What event triggered America's entry into World War I?

Prevent future wars through collective security.

What did the League of Nations aim to do?

Economic growth and increased consumer spending.

What economic conditions characterized the 1920s?

The prohibition of the manufacture and sale of alcohol.

What did the 18th Amendment establish?

It led to organized crime and the illegal production of alcohol.

What was the reaction to Prohibition?

The stock market crash on 'Black Tuesday' in 1929.

What triggered the Great Depression?

He believed the government should not intervene in the economy.

What was President Hoover's initial approach to the Great Depression?

A New Deal program providing unemployment insurance and pensions.

What is the Social Security Act?

Employed young men in forestry and conservation work.

What did the Civilian Conservation Corps do?

Radio addresses by FDR to gain public confidence and explain policies.

What were fireside chats?

A severe drought in the Great Plains causing farmers to lose their land.

What was the Dust Bowl?

It was a failed policy to avoid conflict by conceding to aggressive nations.

What role did appeasement play in the 1930s?

Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel.

What was the outcome of the Korean War?

A U.S. initiative to provide economic assistance to rebuild Europe after WWII.

What was the Marshall Plan?

A movement aimed at ending segregation and discrimination against African Americans.

What was the Civil Rights Movement?

That school segregation was unconstitutional.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Brown v. Board of Education?

A leader in the Civil Rights Movement known for his nonviolent resistance.

Who was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.?

The 'separate but equal' doctrine, permitting racial segregation.

What did the Plessy v. Ferguson decision establish?

It declared that segregated schools violated the Constitution.

What did the 1954 Supreme Court decision signify?

The process of bringing different racial or ethnic groups into equal membership.

What is integration?

It was used to influence public opinion and encourage support for the war effort.

What role did propaganda play in WWII?

A foreign policy of avoiding involvement in international conflicts.

What is isolationism?

A cultural movement celebrating African-American culture, art, and literature during the 1920s.

What was the significance of the Harlem Renaissance?

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North for better jobs and living conditions.

What was the Great Migration?

A severe drought in the Great Plains during the 1930s leading to massive agricultural damage.

What was the Dust Bowl?

It led to widespread unemployment, bank failures, and a severe economic downturn.

How did the stock market crash impact the Great Depression?

Limited voting rights, job opportunities, and societal expectations.

What challenges did women face in the early 1900s?

It granted women the right to vote, greatly empowering their political participation.

What impact did the 19th Amendment have?

By creating jobs through public works programs and various federal initiatives.

How did the New Deal address unemployment?

It established minimum wage and maximum hours for workers.

What was the significance of the Fair Labor Standards Act?

To address social and political issues arising from industrialization and promote reforms.

What were the main goals of the Progressive Movement?

To promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts.

What was the role of the United Nations after WWII?

Ideological differences between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, influence in post-war Europe, and territorial disputes.

What were the main causes of the Cold War?

A U.S. policy aimed at containing communism by providing support to countries resisting it.

What was the Truman Doctrine?

A military alliance formed to provide collective defense against aggression, particularly from the Soviet Union.

What was the significance of NATO?

The attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan on December 7, 1941.

What events led to the U.S. entry into WWII?

The defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of hostilities in Europe in 1945.

What was the outcome of WWII in Europe?

It led to Japan's surrender and the end of the war, while also starting a nuclear arms race.

What was the significance of the atomic bomb in WWII?

Through war bonds and increased taxation to fund military expenses.

How did the U.S. government finance WWII?

It prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

What was the significance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

An organization advocating for women's rights and gender equality established in 1966.

What was the National Organization for Women (NOW)?

The Supreme Court case that legalized abortion in the United States in 1973.

What did Roe v. Wade address?

A political scandal involving President Nixon's administration's cover-up of a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters.

What was the Watergate scandal?

The court struck down laws banning interracial marriage, affirming the right to marry regardless of race.

What were the implications of the Supreme Court's decision in Loving v. Virginia?

Stagflation, which combined high inflation with stagnant economic growth.

What economic issues characterized the 1970s in the U.S.?

A political scandal during the Reagan administration involving the secret sale of arms to Iran and using the proceeds to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

What was the Iran-Contra Affair?

The end of the Cold War, economic recovery, and the rise of conservative politics.

What major events characterized the 1980s in the U.S.?

It was a coalition effort led by the U.S. to expel Iraq from Kuwait in 1991, demonstrating the effectiveness of international alliances.

What was the significance of the Gulf War?

It led to the War on Terror, including military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq.

How did the September 11 attacks affect U.S. foreign policy?

Subprime mortgage crisis, financial institution failures, and lax regulatory frameworks.

What were the main causes of the Great Recession of 2007-2008?

A healthcare reform law aimed at increasing access to health insurance and reducing costs.

What is the significance of the Affordable Care Act?

It has allowed for rapid organization, communication, and mobilization of activists and movements worldwide.

How has social media impacted modern political movements?

Activism has driven public awareness and legislative change regarding issues like racial equality, gender rights, and LGBTQ+ rights.

What role did activism play in shaping contemporary civil rights issues?

Issues such as discrimination, legal hurdles, and economic challenges in adjusting to a new culture.

What challenges do contemporary immigrants face in the U.S.?

Increased trade and interconnected markets, leading to both job creation and loss in various sectors.

How has globalization affected the U.S. economy?

Environmental changes caused by human activity that impact ecosystems, weather patterns, and global temperatures.

What is climate change and why is it a significant issue today?