The Bureaucracy by Ava

AP

Bureaucracy

A system of government agencies and departments that implement policies and enforce laws.

Executive Agencies

Federal organizations responsible for carrying out specific functions (e.g., NASA, EPA).

Cabinet Departments

Major executive offices that oversee broad areas of government policy (e.g., Department of Defense, Department of Education).Independent Regulatory Agencies

Independent Regulatory Agencies

Organizations that create and enforce regulations free from direct presidential control (e.g., SEC, FCC).

Government Corporations

Organizations run by the government but function like businesses (e.g., USPS, Amtrak).

Iron Triangle

The relationship between Congress, interest groups, and bureaucratic agencies that influence policy-making.

Issue Networks

A loose coalition of experts, interest groups, and policymakers who influence policy over time

Red Tape

Excessive rules and regulations that slow bureaucratic action.

Discretionary Authority

The ability of bureaucrats to decide how to implement policies.

Regulations

Rules created by agencies to enforce laws passed by Congress.

Spoils System

An outdated system where government jobs were given based on loyalty rather than merit.

Merit System

A system of hiring and promotion based on qualifications and performance rather than political connections.

Patronage

The practice of giving political supporters government jobs and favors.

Hatch Act

Limits the political activities of government employees to prevent corruption.

Pendleton Act

Established the civil service system and ended the spoils system by requiring hiring based on merit.