A&P Lecture Exam 1

what is anatomy

study of body structures

what is physiology

study of how body structures function

how are structure and function related

shape and arrangement of a structure influence what it can do

what is the organizational level of the body

chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

what are the 11 systems

integumentary

skeletal

muscular

nervous

endocrine

cardiovascular

lymphatic

respiratory

digestive

urinary

reproductive

what is the integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, glands

protection, temperature regulation, sensation

what is the skeletal system

bones, cartilage, joints

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production

what is the muscular system

skeletal muscles and tendons

movement, posture, heat production

what is nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

rapid detection, integration, and response

what is endocrine system

hormone-producing glans and cells

longer term regulation through hormones

what is cardiovascular system

health, blood, blood vessels

transport of gasses, nutrient, wastes, and heat

what is lymphatic system

lymphatic vessels, nodes, thymus, spleen

fluid return and immune defense

what is respiratory system

airways and lungs

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

what is digestive system

digestive tract and accessory organs

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

what is urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

removes wastes and regulates blood composition

what is reproductive system

gonads, ducts, and reproductive organs

produces gametes and hormones

what is the anatomical position

standing erect, eyes forward, hands on side, palms forward, and feel flat on the floor

what is prone position

body is lying face down

what is supine

body is lying face up

superior

towards the head

inferior

away from the head

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of the body

medial

nearer to the midline

lateral

farther from midline

intermediate

between 2 structures

ipsilateral

same side of the body as another structure

contralateral

opposite side of the body from another structure

proximal

near the attachment of a limb to the trunk

distal

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

superficial

towards the surface of the body

deep

away from the surface of the body

sagittal

right and left

transverse

superior and inferior

frontal

anterior and posterior

what is in the cranial cavity

brain and spinal cord

what is in the thoracic cavity

heart, lungs, major blood vessels, trachea, and esophagus

what is in the abdominal cavity

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine

what is in the pelvic cavity

urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and reproduction organs

what is the diaphragm cavity

separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

what is the visceral layer

adheres directly to an organ

what is the parietal layer

lines the wall of the cavity

what are the 4 quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

what are the 9 regions

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

what is catabolism

breakdown of complex substances into smaller components

what is anabolism

building up complex substances from smaller components

what is differentiation

development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized cell

what is the process of reproduction

fertilization → zygote → repeated cell division → cell differentiation

what happens when life processes stops working

destruction or death

what is homeostasis

maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment

what are the 5 components of the feedback system

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response

what is negative feedback

reverses a change in a controlled condition (back to set point)

what is positive feedback

strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition (away from set point)

what is plasma membrane

separates intercellular and extracellular environments

what is cytoplasm

cytosol and organelles (cell’s working machinery)

what is nucleus

contains cellular DNA

what is fluid

lipids + protein move within the membrane

what is mosaic

different lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins that share one organized structure

what are phospholipids

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

what is cholesterol

stabilizes bilayer, reduces permeability to some smaller water-soluble substances, limits fluidity changes

what are glycolipids

support cell recognition and communication

what are integral proteins

embedded in the bilayer, transmembrane proteins cross the entire membrane

what are peripheral proteins

attach to the inner or outer surface, does not extend through bilayer

how does it transport

channels and carries move specific substances

how does it communicate

receptors bind signals, identity markers distinguish cells

how does it support

linkers anchor cells, enzymes accelerate reactions

what can cross directly

small nonpolar molecules

what needs proteins to cross

ions, polar, glucose

what requires vesicles to cross

macromolecules and large molecules

what is cytosol

intracellular fluid surrounding organelles

what do microfilaments do

cell shape, movement, contraction

what do intermediate filaments do

mechanical strength and stability

what do microtubules do

intracellular transport, cilla, flagella, and cell division

ribosomes

produce and process proteins

peroxisomes

detoxify harmful substances

vesicles

move materials to specific destinations

what is centrosome

organizes a cell’s microtubules and helps form the mitotic spindle

what are cillia

move material across a cell surface

what are flagellum

propels an entire cell

what are microvilli

increase surface area for absorption

what are free ribosomes

suspended in cytosol and makes protein used within the cell

what are bound ribosomes

attached to rough ER and makes proteins for membranes, organelles, secretion

what is rough ER

produces proteins for secretion, membranes, organelles

what is smooth ER

synthesizes lipids, does detoxification, stores calcium

what is golgi

receives products in transport vesicles, sorts products, packages in new vesicles, directs new vesicles towards location

what are lysosomes

breaks down worn-out organelles, digests damaged components, returns reusable molecules

what is mitochondria

supplies ATP for active transport, contractions, synthesis, movement

what are nuclear envelope and pores

separates nucleus and regulate exchange

what are chromatin

DNA associated with proteins

what is nucleolus

produces components used to assemble ribosomes

path to secrete a protein

nucleus → ribosome → rough ER → vesicle → golgi → vesicle → plasma membrane → released outside the cell

what is the structure of motor neuron

long processess transmit information over distance

what is the structure of ciliated epithelial cell

cilia move material across the surface

what is the structure of sperm cell

flagellum supports movement, mitochondria supply energy

what is the structure of red blood cell

flexible shape and no nucleus maximize hemoglobin space

what is interphase

G1 - cell growth and normal metabolism

S - DNA replication

G2 - growth and preparation for mitosis

what are the stages of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

what is prophase

centrosomes move toward opposite poles, and the mitotic spindle begins

what is metaphase

spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, chromosomes align

what is anaphase

centromeres split, sister chromatids move toward opposite poles