Extensions of cell membrane thru pores in cell wall
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Sporopollenin
* Durable polymer * Found in walls of plant spores & pollen * Chemically inert (stable, persists in environment) * Protects from desiccation, decay, etc.
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Move to land: Advantages
* Air filters less sunlight than water * Air has more CO2 * No predators/herbivores on land * More nutrient rich soil
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Plants in water:
Supported, retain water, Reproduction easier
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Plants on land
Not supportive, Lose water, Reproduction Harder
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Land Plant Adaptations
Turgor (+ pressure),
Cuticle; vascular tissue; roots; stomates
Egg & embryo retained on parent; sporopollenin; protected embryo; seed coat; pollen; flower; fruit