GCSE Edexcel B Geography Paper 1

Aftershock

A less powerful earthquake which follows a more powerful earthquake

Aid

Short or long term help given in emergency e.g. food and water or medical training

Atmosphere

The layer of Earth's gases above the Earth's surface

Basalt

Dark coloured volcanic rock, when molten spreads rapidly.

Collision Zones

Where two tectonic plates collide e.g Himalayas

Conservative Plate Boundary

Where two plates slide along each other

Continental Crust

The part of the Earth's crust that makes up land (30-50km thick)

Convection Currents

Currents which transfer heat from one part of a gas or liquid to another

Convergent Plate Boundary

When two tectonic plates collide (see collision zone)

Core

Centre of the Earth, made up of a solid inner and molten outer core

Coriolis Force

A strong force created by the Earth's rotation (within 5º of the equator), can cause hurricanes and tropical storms

Cumulonimbus Clouds

Tall clouds created by the condensation of water vapour

Divergent Plate Boundary

Where two tectonic plates move away from each other

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

The increased effectiveness of the greenhouse effect, causing global warming

Epicentre

The point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus

Eye of the Storm

The centre of a storm, consists of calm, descending dense air

Ferrel Cell

Part of the globe circulation model, where Earth's atmosphere consists of cool, descending, dry air

Friction

The force which resists the movement of one surface over another

Geothermal

Heat produced inside Earth

Glacial

A cold period of time during which the Earth's glaciers expanded widely

Global Circulation Model

Theory explaining how the atmosphere operates in three cells either side of the equator

Greenhouse Effect

The way that gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun

Greenhouse Gas

Gases that trap heat around the Earth e.g carbon dioxide and methane

Gulf Stream

A warm ocean current which begins in the Gulf of Mexico and is blown NE across the North Atlantic

Hadley Cell

Largest section of the global circulation model, caused by heating and cooling of Earth's atmosphere

Hot Spots

Columns of heat in the Earth's mantle found in the middle of a tectonic plate

Hurricane

Tropical Cyclone

Ice Cores evidence of climate change

Columns of ice that are extracted from ice sheets and used to construct temperature patterns

Interglacial

A long period of warmer conditions between glacials

Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

Narrow zone of low pressure near the equator where northern and southern air masses converge

Lava Flows

The movement of lava, can be slow and thick or runny and fast

Levée

Embankments found either side of a river, formed naturally by regular flooding or built up by people to protect against flooding

Lithosphere

The cool and brittle uppermost layer of the mantle

Magma

Melted rock beneath the Earth's surface

Magnitude

Expression of total energy released by an earthquake

Mantle

The middle layer of the Earth, 2900km thick, jam like consistency

Milankovitch Cycles-natural cause of climate change

The three long-term cycles of the Earth around the Sun

North Atlantic Drift

A warm ocean current that branches off of the Gulf Stream

Ocean Currents

Permanent or semi-permanent large scale horizontal movements of the ocean's waters

Oceanic Crust

The part of Earth's crust which is underneath oceans (6-8km thick)

Plate Boundaries

Where tectonic plates meet

Plumes

Upwelling of molten rock through the asthenosphere to the lithosphere

Polar Cell

Sections of the Earth's atmosphere found above the North and South Pole, consisting of cold, descending, dry air

Polar Desert

Areas in Antarctica and The Arctic that have a cold, dry climate

Predict

Saying something that will happen in the future

Primary Effects

The primary impacts of an event, usually occurring instantly

Pyroclasts

Fragments of volcanic material that is thrown out during explosive eruptions

Quaternary

The last 2.6 million years

Richter Scale

A scale for measuring the magnitude of an earthquake

Saffir-Simpson Scale-hurricanes

A scale that classifies hurricanes into 5 different categories according to the wind strength

Secondary Effects

the indirect impacts of an event
fires,landslides,diseases,tsunami.

Seismometer

A machine used to record the magnitude of an earthquake

Storm Surge

A rapid rise in the level of the sea caused by low pressure, strong winds

Stratovolcano

Type of volcano characterised by steep sides (Composite Cone)

Subduction

Describes oceanic crust sinking into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary

Sunspots-natural cause of climate change

A dark patch that occasionally appears on the surface of the sun

Tectonic Hazards

Natural events caused by movement of Earth's plates

Tectonic Plate

'Pieces' of the Earth's surface

Thermal Expansion

As a result of heating, expansion occurs

Trade Winds

Easterly winds that blow from high to low pressure

Tree Rings

Each ring in the trunk of a tree represents a years growth

Tropical Cyclone

An area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around calm centre point

Tropics

Regions either side of the equator where the Sun moves directly overhead

Tsunami

Huge tidal waves caused by earthquakes beneath the sea bed, can travel up to 900km/h

Typhoon

Term given to a tropical cyclone in the western North Pacific

Volcanic Explosivity Index

Measures the explosiveness of a volcano on a scale of 1-8

Biogas

Gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter

Bottom-up Development

Often run by NGO's, non governmental development involving communities

Cash Crops

Crops sold for cash to be traded on global markets

Clark-Fisher Model

Explains the change in employment structure as countries develop their economies

Colonisation

When another country takes over a foreign land and applies a system of power

Commodities

Items of value that can be traded for money

Communism

A system of government which believes in sharing wealth between all people

Containerisation

The transport of goods using container ships

Core Region

Areas within a country that are important economic hubs

Development Indicators
HDI
GDP

Measures of how a country is improving

Emerging Developing Country (EDC)

A country with medium-high human development and recent economic growth

Fertility Rate

Average number of births per woman

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Unrestricted flow of money from one country to another

Frank's Dependency Theory

Describes how the core, semi periphery and periphery rely on each other for resources and goods-cant develop since they are exploited.

DISADVANTAGE:
outdated
india and china prove it wrong
doesn't add any other factors

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year

Globalisation

The increasing integration of economies and societies around the world particularly through international trade

High Income Countries (HIC's)

Countries where employment is dominated by tertiary and quaternary sectors

Human Development Index (HDI)

A standard means of measuring human development

Industrialisation

When an agricultural society begins to depend on industries instead

Infant Mortality

Number of children per 1000 who die before their 1st birthday

Infrastructure

The basic services needed for an industrial country to operate

Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGO's)

Governments and agencies working together

Irrigation

The artificial watering of land

Maternal Mortality

Number of mothers per 100,000 who die during childbirth

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person can expect to live

Low Income Countries (LIC's)

Countries where employment is dominated by the primary sector

Middle Income Countries (MIC's)

Countries where employment is dominated by the secondary sector

Multiplier Effect

1.TNC'S set up factories or industry
2.factory workers spend money locally
3.local services receive more trade.
4.more tax
5.government can invest in economy.

Non-Governmental Companies (NGO's)

Organisations which aim to improve quality of life

Population Structure

The number of sex in each age group

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Shows what can be bought in each country

Roster's Theory

Shows the economic growth of a country
DISADVANTAGE:
1.assumens countries start at same place
2.outdated
3.does not include any other factors.

inequality in development -7

1.colonialism or not
2.topography
3.climate
4.international relations
5.government
6.health
7.education

Quaternary Sector

Employment based on specialised knowledge and skill(science,IT)