Behavioral Adaptations and Heritability in Animals and Humans

What must a trait be to be considered an adaptation?

The trait must be functional and heritable.

What does it mean for a trait to be functional?

It must increase the fitness of organisms that possess it compared to those that do not.

What is the second requirement for a trait to be an adaptation?

The trait must be heritable, meaning it has a genetic basis.

What is heritability?

Heritability measures how much variation in a trait is due to genetic differences between individuals.

How can researchers detect the genetic basis of behavior?

Through heritability studies, artificial selection, and genetic manipulations.

What method is used to assess if social connectedness in baboons is heritable?

Comparing phenotypes among relatives to see if closer relatives have more similar phenotypes.

What percentage of variation in children's heights is explained by their parents' heights?

40%.

What is the heritability of social connectedness in female baboons?

22%.

What is an example of a trait with high heritability in humans?

ADHD, with heritability estimates between 75% to 91%.

What is the heritability of litter size in pigs?

5%.

What is the heritability of milk production in cattle?

35%.

What is the heritability range for alcoholism in humans?

26% to 90%.

What is the significance of Belyaev's breeding experiments with foxes?

They demonstrate the genetic basis of 'friendly' behaviors through artificial selection.

Why do artificial selection experiments like Belyaev's allow us to see genetic effects on behavior?

If a trait changes over generations, it indicates a genetic basis for that trait.

What is the heritability of grooming behavior in baboons?

The heritability of grooming in baboons is not specified in the notes.

What is the importance of checking email after class?

To fill in a poll about the video assignment by 5pm the next day.

What should students do with their devices during the quiz?

Put phones, smart watches, and other devices away.

What seating arrangement is required during the quiz?

Sit with at least 2 seats between you and your neighbor.