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halpern 2008
no area is unaffected by human activity, climate change is biggest impact
main stressors
climate change, commercial fishing, invasive species
press perturbation
continuous, affects spp abundance/diversity: climate change
pulse perturbation
short term, affects number of spp biomass but they recover, bad storm
point source perturbation
identifiable point of disturbance: sewage outfall
diffuse perturbation
no discrete source: climate change
how much has the sea surface temperature increased since 1880?
0.5c/33f
how does spp distribution change?
spp move out of normal range, implications for fisheries
how does spp depth change?
can get deeper or shallower with water temperature increase
how does spp phenology change?
delayed or early reproduction