Edexcel A Level Chemistry: All Organics Reactions

alcohols burn in excess oxygen to produce...

CO2 & H2O

alcohols + conc. phosphoric acid --> ???

alkenes

alcohol + conc. phosphoric acid -> alkene is what type of reaction?

elimination, dehydration

alcohol + ??? --> alkene

conc. phosphoric acid

alcohol -> halogenoalkane is what type of reaction?

nucleophilic substitution

alcohol + ??? --> chloroalkane

PCl5 / HCl

alcohol + ??? --> bromoalkane

KBr & 50% conc. sulfuric acid (to form HBr)

alcohol + ??? --> iodoalkane

heat with moist red phosphorus & iodine (to form PI3)

alcohol + PCl5 -> ???

chloroalkane

alcohol + HCl -> ???

chloroalkane

alcohol + KBr & 50% conc. sulfuric acid -> ???

bromoalkane

alcohol + PI3 -> ???

iodoalkane

primary alcohol + potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid -> ???

carboxylic acid

secondary alcohol + potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid -> ???

Ketone

alcohol + potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid is what type of reaction?

oxidation

why can tertiary alcohols not be oxidised?

carbon where OH group is attached must also have H atom attached

What reagent(s) are needed to oxidise an alcohol?

potassium/sodium dichromate in 50% sulfuric acid

carboxylic acid + ??? --> alcohol

LiAlH4 in dry ether

what type of reaction is: carboxylic acid + LiAlH4 -> alcohol?

reduction

carboxylic acid + LiAlH4 -> ???

alcohol

Acyl chloride + water --> ???

Carboxylic acid

What conditions are required for all acyl chloride reactions?

anhydrous conditions and room temp

Acyl chloride + alcohol --> ???

Ester

Acyl chloride + conc. ammonia --> ???

Primary Amide

Acyl chloride + amine --> ???

N-substituted amide

acyl chloride + ??? --> carboxylic acid ?

water

acyl chloride + ??? --> ester?

alcohol

acyl chloride + ??? --> (primary) amide?

conc. ammonia

acyl chloride + ??? --> N-substituted amide

amine

ester + water + dilute acid (catalyst) --> ??

carboxylic acid + alcohol

ester + dilute alkali -> ??

salt + alcohol

aldehyde + acidified potassium dichromate --> ???

carboxylic acid

aldehyde + ??? --> carboxylic acid

acidified potassium dichromate

aldehyde + acidified potassium dichromate --> carboxylic acid is what type of reaction?

oxidation

aldehyde + LiAlH4 in dry ether --> ???

primary alcohol

ketone + LiAlH4 in dry ether --> ???

secondary alcohol

ketone + ??? --> secondary alcohol

LiAlH4 in dry ether

aldehyde + ??? --> primary alcohol

LiAlH4 in dry ether

aldehyde/ketone + LiAlH4 in dry ether is what type of reaction?

reduction

aldehyde/ketone + ??? --> hydroxynitrile

HCN

aldehyde/ketone + HCN --> ???

hydroxynitrile

what type of reaction is: aldehyde/ketone + HCN --> hydroxynitrile ?

nucleophilic addition

what conditions are required for: aldehyde/ketone + HCN --> hydroxynitrile?

room temp & pressure, small amount of alkali

hydroxynitrile + ??? --> carboxylic acid + ammonium chloride

(warmed with) dil HCl

hydroxynitrile + (warmed with) dil HCl --> ???

carboxylic acid + ammonium chloride

halogenoalkane + aqueous alkali (OH) --> ???

alcohol

halogenoalkane + ??? --> alcohol

aqueous alkali (OH)

what conditions are required for: halogenoalkane + aqueous alkali (OH) --> alcohol ?

halogenoalkane dissolved in ethanol, heat

what kind of reaction is: halogenoalkane + aqueous alkali (OH) --> alcohol ?

nucleophilic substitution

which SN mechanism does a primary halogenoalkane undergo?

SN2 Mechanism

which SN mechanism does a tertiary halogenoalkane undergo?

SN1 Mechanism

how many steps in an SN1 mechanism and what type of halogenoalkane undergoes it?

2, tertiary

how many steps in an SN2 mechanism and what type of halogenoalkane undergoes it?

1, primary

halogenoalkane + excess ammonia --> ???

amine

halogenoalkane + ??? --> amine

excess ammonia

what conditions are needed for the reaction: halogenoalkane + excess ammonia --> amine ?

alcoholic ammonia, heat in sealed tube

what type of reaction is: halogenoalkane + excess ammonia --> amine ?

nucleophilic substitution

halogenoalkane + water --> ???

alcohol

what type of reaction is: halogenoalkane + water ---> alcohol?

hydrolysis

what are the conditions needed for the reaction: halogenoalkane + water ---> alcohol?

halogenoalkane dissolved in ethanol, heat

halogenoalkane + alcoholic alkali (OH) --> ???

alkene

halogenoalkane + ??? --> alkene

alcoholic alkali (OH)

what type of reaction is: halogenoalkane + alcoholic alkali (OH) --> alkene?

elimination

halogenoalkane + KCN --> ???

nitrile

halogenoalkane + ??? --> nitrile

KCN

what type of reaction is: halogenoalkane + KCN --> nitrile ?

nucleophilic addition

what are the conditions for: halogenoalkane + KCN --> nitrile ?

alcoholic KCN, heat under reflux

why would benzene undergo substitution reactions more easily than addition reactions?

delocalised pi system makes it very stable, requires a powerful electrophile

benzene + HNO3 + H2SO4 --> ???

Nitrobenzene

benzene + ??? + ??? --> nitrobenzene

HNO3 + H2SO4

what conditions are required for: benzene + HNO3 + H2SO4 --> nitrobenzene ?

heat under reflux, 55 degrees

what type of reaction is: benzene + HNO3 + H2SO4 --> nitrobenzene ?

electrophilic substitution

give the equation for the formation of the electrophile for the reaction: benzene + HNO3 + H2SO4 --> nitrobenzene

HNO3 + H2SO4 --> HSO4- + H2O + NO2+

Give the equation for the regeneration of the catalyst for the reaction: benzene + HNO3 + H2SO4 --> nitrobenzene

HSO4- + H+ --> H2SO4

benzene + FeBr3 + Br2 -> ???

bromobenzene

benzene + ??? + ??? -> bromobenzene

FeBr3 + Br2

what type of reaction (s) is: benzene + FeBr3 + Br2 -> bromobenzene ?

electrophilic substitution + bromination

give the equation for the formation of the electrophile for the reaction: benzene + FeBr3 + Br2 -> bromobenzene

Br2 + FeBr3 --> FeBr4- + Br+

give the equation for the regeneration of the catalyst for the reaction: benzene + FeBr3 + Br2 -> bromobenzene

FeBr4- + H+ --> FeBr3 + HBr

benzene + RCl + (anhydrous) AlCl3 --> ???

alkyl benzene

benzene + ??? + ??? --> alkyl benzene

RCl + (anhydrous) AlCl3

what type of reaction(s) is: benzene + RCl + (anhydrous) AlCl3 --> alkyl benzene ?

electrophilic substitution + alkylation

give the equation for the formation of the electrophile for the reaction: benzene + RCl + (anhydrous) AlCl3 --> alkyl benzene

AlCl3 + RCl --> AlCl4- + R+

give the equation for the regeneration of the catalyst for the reaction: benzene + RCl + (anhydrous) AlCl3 --> alkyl benzene

AlCl4- + H+ --> AlCl3 + HCl

what are the two types of Friedel-Craft reactions?

alkylation + acylation

alkylation + acylation are two types of what reaction?

Friedel-Craft

benzene + ??? + ??? --> phenylacyl

(anhydrous) AlCl3 + ROCl

benzene + (anhydrous) AlCl3 + ROCl --> ???

phenylacyl

what type of reaction(s) is: benzene + (anhydrous) AlCl3 + ROCl --> phenyacyl ?

electrophilic substitution, acylation

give the equation for the formation of the electrophile for the reaction: benzene + (anhydrous) AlCl3 + RCOCl --> phenyacyl

AlCl3 + RCOCL --> AlCL4- + COR+

give the equation for the regeneration of the catalyst for the reaction: benzene + (anhydrous) AlCl3 + ROCl --> phenyacyl

AlCl4- + H+ --> AlCl3 + HCl

amine + water --> ???

alkaline solution

amine + ??? --> alkaline solution

water

amine + acid --> ???

salt

amine + ??? --> salt

acid

alkene + HBr --> ???

halogenoalkane

alkene + ??? --> bromoalkane

HBr

alkene + Br2 --> ???

(di)bromoalkane

what type of reaction is: alkene + HBr --> halogenoalkane ?

electrophillic addition

what type of reaction is: alkene + Br2 --> (di)halogenoalkane ?

electrophilic addition