Ch 6 - Eukaryote Cell

cell theory

all organisms are composed of cells, all cells come only from preexisting cells, cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of organisms

scanning electron microscope

a microscope that uses a beam with electrons to scan the surface of a specimen, producing a detailed, 3D-like image of its external structure

transmission electron microscope

a microscope that passes a beam with electrons through very thin sections of cells to show detailed internal structures of cells

compound light microscope

a microscope that uses visible light and multiple lenses to magnify and view cells and microorganisms

stereoscopic light microscope

a microscope that uses two optical paths to give a 3D view of larger specimens, usually at relatively low magnification

nucleus

a membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell’s DNA and controls how gene functions and many cell activities *2 layered nuclear envelop with pores

nuclear envelope

in a eukaryotic cell, a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, has nuclear pores for mRNA to exit nucleus, and is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

nuclear pores

protein-lined openings in the nuclear envelope that control movement of substances, such as RNA and proteins into and out of the nucleus

nucleolus

a specialized structure inside the nucleus consisting of dense, chromosomal regions where ribosomal RNA or rRNA is produced and ribosome subunits are assembled

rough endoplasmic reticulum

a membrane network covered with ribosomes that makes and begins processing glycoproteins that will be produced, inserted into membranes, or sent to certain organelles

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

a membrane network without ribosomes that is involved in lipid production, detoxification, and calcium storage

free ribosomes

ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm, mainly make proteins used inside the cell

golgi apparatus

an organelle that has two sides, the cis face towards the ER (receiving) and the trans face towards the cell’s plasma membrane (shipping) that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to different destinations

cisternae

flattened, membrane-bound sacs that make up the golgi apparatus

lysosomes

sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that break down food, when fuse with food vacuoles, waste, damaged cell parts, and can fuse with old organelles for autophagy (self eating)

vesicles

small membrane-bound sacs that transport or store materials within the cell or to/from the cell membrane

mitochondria

organelles where most aerobic cellular respiration occurs and where cells produce much of their ATP, usable cellular energy

mitochondrial matrix

the compartment of the mitochondria that is enclosed by the inner membrane that is filled with fluid containing free ribosomes and DNA

cristae

the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase the membrane’s surface area, which contains proteins involved in the electron transport chain and ATP production

chloroplast outer memebrane

the outer layer of the chloroplast’s membranes, helps protect the chloroplast and regulate what enters and leaves

chloroplast inner membrane

the membrane beneath the chloroplast’s outer membrane that helps control movement of substances into the chloroplast’s interior

thylakoid membrane

flattened, membranous sacs inside a chloroplast, often exist in stacks that are interconnected with chlorophyll pigment on them. Contain molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy

grana/ granum

grana are stacks of thylakoids, one stack is called granum. They increase the membrane surface area available for light reactions of photosynthesis

stroma

the dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA where light-independent reactions occurs

plasma membrane

the thin, flexible membrane that surrounds the cell that acts as a selective barrier, controlling what enters and leaves the cell and helps with cell communication

cytoskeleton

a network of protein fibers throughout the cell that helps maintain cell shape, organization, movement, and transport of materials

microfilaments

the thinnest cytoskeletal fibers, primarily made of actin, acting alone or with myosin for cell shape, movement, and contraction

actin

a globular protein that forms mircofilaments and helps cells maintain shape and carry out movement

mircotubules

microtubule arrays

centrioles

centrosome

flagella

long hair-like structures that extend from some cells and are used mainly for cell movement, usually fewer and longer than cilia

cilia

short, numerous, hair-like structures that can move a cell or move substances across the cell’s surface

intermediate filaments

actin filaments

central vacuole

a large membrane-bound found only in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, pigments, and waste. When full, it is swollen and rigid

bound ribosomes

ribosomes attached to RER, mainly make proteins for production, membranes, or certain organelles