Angielski 2 semestr

Distribution chanel

all the companies or individuals (‘middlemen’) involved in moving goods or services from producers to consumers

wholesaler

an intermediary that stocks manufacturers’ goods or merchandise, and sells it to retailers and professional buyers

market segmentation

dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different requirements or buying habits

product differentiation

making a product (appear to be) different from similar products offered by other sellers, by product differences, advertising, packaging, etc.

market opportunities

possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services

market skimming

setting a high price for a new product, to make maximum revenue before competing products appear on the market

sales representative

someone who contacts existing and potential customers, and tries to persuade them to buy goods or services

product features

the attributes or characteristics of a product, such as size, shape, quality, price, reliability, etc.

price elasticity

the extent to which supply or demand (the quantity produced or bought) of a product responds to changes of price

market penetration

the strategy of setting a low price to try to sell a large volume and increase market share

advertising agencies

companies that design advertising for clients

advertising campaign

the advertising of a particular product or service during a particular period of time

brief

the statement of objectives that a client works out with an advertising agency

target customers

a defined set of customers whose needs a company plans to satisfy

advertising budget

the amount of money a company plans to spend in developing its advertising and buying media time or space

media plan

the choice of where to advertise in order to reach the right people

comparative parity method

choosing to spend the same amount on advertising as one’s competitors

product sample

a small amount of a product given to customers to encourage them to try it

word-of-mouth advertising

free advertising, when satisfied customers recommend products to their friends

viral marketing

trying to get consumers to forward an online marketing message to other people

deposit

money placed in a bank

loan

a sum of money borrowed from a bank

capital

the money invested in a business

stocks / shares

certificates representing part-ownership of a company

bonds

certificates of debt issued by governments or companies to raise money

merger

when one company combines with another one

takeover bid

when one company offers to buy or acquire another one

stockbroking

buying and selling stocks or shares for clients

portfolio

all the investments owned by an individual or organization

returns

the profits made on investments

bankrupt

unable to pay debts or continue to do business

deregulation

the ending or relaxing of legal restrictions

conglomerate

a group of companies, operating in different fields, which have joined together

interest

the price paid for borrowing money, paid to the lenders

credit rating

estimates of people’s ability to fulfil their financial commitments

default

failure to repay a loan

collateralized

with property or another asset used as a guarantee of payment

cash flow

the money generated by an investment

write off

cancel a bad debt or a worthless asset from an account

income

all the money received from business activities during a given period

expenditure

all the money that a business spends on goods or services during a given period

budget

a financial operating plan showing expected income and expenditure

asset

anything owned by a business – cash, buildings, machines, equipment, etc

liabilities

all the money that a company will have to pay to someone else in the future

debit

an entry in an account, recording a payment made

credit

an entry in an account, recording a payment received

intangible

adjective describing something without a material existence

accrued

adjective describing a liability which has been incurred but not yet invoiced

deferred

delayed or postponed until a later time

diversify

to become more varied or different (e.g. by selling different products

retail outlets

places where goods are sold (shops, stores, kiosks, markets, etc.

controlling interest

a sufficient number of stocks in a company to be able to decide what to do

listed companies

public companies whose stocks are traded on a stock exchange

fees

amounts of money paid for services

synergy

the combined power or value of a group of things working together which is greater than their individual effect

market capitalization

the total value of a company on the stock exchange (the price of all its stocks

subsidiaries

companies that are owned by a larger parent company

pension fund

a sum of money reserved to pay a company’s retired employees

allocation (of resources)

distribution according to a plan

commercialize

to organize something to make a profit

externalities

positive or negative consequences (benefits or costs) of economic activities experienced by other people

infrastructure

basic systems and services such as transport and power supplies

optimal

the best or most likely to bring success

outcome

the result or effect of an action or situation

unfettered

not limited by any rules or controls

an entrepreneur

A person who starts their own business is called

gross domestic product

The total market value of all the goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period

stockbroker

is a person or company that buys and sells stocks and shares for other people.