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Civil Service Exam
Ancient China (221 BC) - Implemented to select government officials based on merit, contributing to a skilled bureaucracy and increased social mobility.
Mandate of Heaven
Ancient China (1046–256 BC) - A political-religious concept legitimizing the rule of emperors, offering rulers a divine basis for authority and rebellion.
Mongolian Khanates
13th–14th century - A network of territories ruled by Mongol leaders, establishing one of the largest contiguous land empires in history.
Delhi Sultanate
1206–1526 - Establishment of Muslim rule in Northern India, leading to cultural synthesis, architectural advancements, and governance systems.
The Ottoman Empire
1299–1922 - A vast multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire influential in art, culture, and geopolitics spreading across Anatolia, Balkans, and the Middle East.
Devshirme system
14th–17th century - Recruitment of Christian boys for the Ottoman military and administration, impacting ruling elites and subject populations.
Samurai
12th–19th century - Elite warrior class in Japan embodying the Bushido code, influencing governance and cultural values.
Dutch East India Company
1602–1799 - Dominant trading company shaping colonial expansion and trade routes across the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.
Trading post empire
16th–18th century - Empire built on fortified trading posts facilitating global commerce and altering local economies and societies.
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494 - Divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, setting the stage for global colonial expansion.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
18th–19th century - Leader of the Haitian Revolution, challenging colonial rule and contributing to abolition of slavery in the Americas.
Montesquieu
18th century - Political philosopher advocating for separation of powers and constitutionalism, affecting modern democratic governance.
Robespierre
18th–19th century - Central figure in the French Revolution, associated with radical social change and the Reign of Terror.
Sepoy Rebellion
1857–1858 - Major uprising against British rule in India, resulting in direct British control and the end of the East India Company's governance.
Tupac Amaru
1780–1781 - Indigenous leader in Peru, leading a rebellion against Spanish colonial authority and injustices.
Taiping Rebellion
1850–1864 - Massive civil war in China challenging Qing Dynasty authority, leading to widespread devastation.
Boxer Rebellion
1899–1901 - Anti-foreign uprising in China leading to foreign military intervention and significant political consequences.
Opium Wars
1839–1860 - Conflicts between China and Western powers over trade, leading to territorial concessions and economic exploitation.
Russian Revolution 1917
1917 - Overthrow of the Tsarist autocracy in Russia, establishing the Soviet Union and significant political changes.
The Cold War
1947–1991 - Ideological confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union, shaping global politics and military strategy.
Adolf Hitler
1933–1945 - Nazi dictator responsible for WWII and the Holocaust, impacting European history and global geopolitics.
Joseph Stalin
1922–1953 - Soviet dictator transforming the Soviet Union into a superpower while enacting mass repression.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1933–1945 - US President during the Great Depression and WWII, implementing the New Deal and shaping modern welfare states.
Mao Zedong
1949–1976 - Chinese Communist leader initiating transformative social and economic policies in the People's Republic of China.
Salt March 1930
1930 - Gandhi's nonviolent protest against British salt tax, symbolizing India's independence movement.
League of Nations
1920–1946 - International organization aimed at maintaining peace and resolving conflicts, precursor to the United Nations.
United Nations
1945–present - International organization fostering global cooperation, peacekeeping, and humanitarian efforts.
The European Union
1957–present - Political and economic union promoting integration and cooperation among European countries.