Governance Terms

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28 Terms

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Civil Service Exam

Ancient China (221 BC) - Implemented to select government officials based on merit, contributing to a skilled bureaucracy and increased social mobility.

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Mandate of Heaven

Ancient China (1046–256 BC) - A political-religious concept legitimizing the rule of emperors, offering rulers a divine basis for authority and rebellion.

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Mongolian Khanates

13th–14th century - A network of territories ruled by Mongol leaders, establishing one of the largest contiguous land empires in history.

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Delhi Sultanate

1206–1526 - Establishment of Muslim rule in Northern India, leading to cultural synthesis, architectural advancements, and governance systems.

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The Ottoman Empire

1299–1922 - A vast multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire influential in art, culture, and geopolitics spreading across Anatolia, Balkans, and the Middle East.

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Devshirme system

14th–17th century - Recruitment of Christian boys for the Ottoman military and administration, impacting ruling elites and subject populations.

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Samurai

12th–19th century - Elite warrior class in Japan embodying the Bushido code, influencing governance and cultural values.

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Dutch East India Company

1602–1799 - Dominant trading company shaping colonial expansion and trade routes across the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.

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Trading post empire

16th–18th century - Empire built on fortified trading posts facilitating global commerce and altering local economies and societies.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 - Divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, setting the stage for global colonial expansion.

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Toussaint L’Ouverture

18th–19th century - Leader of the Haitian Revolution, challenging colonial rule and contributing to abolition of slavery in the Americas.

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Montesquieu

18th century - Political philosopher advocating for separation of powers and constitutionalism, affecting modern democratic governance.

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Robespierre

18th–19th century - Central figure in the French Revolution, associated with radical social change and the Reign of Terror.

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Sepoy Rebellion

1857–1858 - Major uprising against British rule in India, resulting in direct British control and the end of the East India Company's governance.

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Tupac Amaru

1780–1781 - Indigenous leader in Peru, leading a rebellion against Spanish colonial authority and injustices.

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Taiping Rebellion

1850–1864 - Massive civil war in China challenging Qing Dynasty authority, leading to widespread devastation.

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Boxer Rebellion

1899–1901 - Anti-foreign uprising in China leading to foreign military intervention and significant political consequences.

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Opium Wars

1839–1860 - Conflicts between China and Western powers over trade, leading to territorial concessions and economic exploitation.

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Russian Revolution 1917

1917 - Overthrow of the Tsarist autocracy in Russia, establishing the Soviet Union and significant political changes.

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The Cold War

1947–1991 - Ideological confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union, shaping global politics and military strategy.

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Adolf Hitler

1933–1945 - Nazi dictator responsible for WWII and the Holocaust, impacting European history and global geopolitics.

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Joseph Stalin

1922–1953 - Soviet dictator transforming the Soviet Union into a superpower while enacting mass repression.

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt

1933–1945 - US President during the Great Depression and WWII, implementing the New Deal and shaping modern welfare states.

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Mao Zedong

1949–1976 - Chinese Communist leader initiating transformative social and economic policies in the People's Republic of China.

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Salt March 1930

1930 - Gandhi's nonviolent protest against British salt tax, symbolizing India's independence movement.

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League of Nations

1920–1946 - International organization aimed at maintaining peace and resolving conflicts, precursor to the United Nations.

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United Nations

1945–present - International organization fostering global cooperation, peacekeeping, and humanitarian efforts.

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The European Union

1957–present - Political and economic union promoting integration and cooperation among European countries.