State Building ID Terms
Studied by 29 people
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards1/42
There's no tags or description
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
|---|
No study sessions yet.
43 Terms
Hereditary nobles who traced back their titles from ancestors that fought for the government in war
A class of hereditary nobles who acquired their rank through holding a high state office; their name was derived from the robes worn by officials; nobles who bought their positions in government; upper middle class who became nobility through purchasing noble titles and working in the government
Son of Henry IV who became king at the age of nine and allowed Cardinal Richelieu to rule over France; French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles; he was a weak ruler and appointed Cardinal Richelieu to make up for his lack of talent as a monarch
Royal officials (robe nobles) sent to districts/provinces to execute the orders of the central government; further strengthened the power of the crown; these officials of the French government worked for the central administration; gradually took the power and responsibilities of local provincial governors in the early 17th century
regarded by some as the perfect embodiment of an absolute monarch; ruled through absolutism and believed in divine right; the "Sun King" because he reigned from 1643-1715, the longest in European history; built the Palace of Versailles to busy nobles and keep them out of political power; revoked the Edict of Nantes because it undermined his authority and wanted to create a unified Catholic France
Richelieu’s trained successor who was appointed as Louis XIV’s advisor; Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state led to the Fronde; ended the Thirty Years War through the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 and defeated in the Fronde in 1653; used an elaborate network of personal relation to restore royal authority to the point at which the king could rule alone
The most important event during Mazarin’s rule; a revolt of the nobles against the centralization of government/administrative power at the expense of provincial nobility; 1648-53, brutal civil wars that struck France; a series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation
One of the chief theorists of divine-right monarchy; expressed his ideas in a book titled Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture; argued first that government was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society; God established kings and through them reigned over all the peoples of the world; Since kings received their power from God, their authority was absolute; they were responsible to no one (including parliaments) except God; principle advocate of divine right of kings during reign of Louis XIV-believed divine right meant that king was placed on throne by God, and therefore owed his authority to no man or group
L'etat c'est moi
"I am the state" (Louis XIV)
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Controller general of finances; sought to increase the wealth and power of France through general adherence to mercantilism, which stressed government regulation of economic activities to benefit the state; economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient; brought prosperity to France
The French Secretary of State for War during a significant part of the reign of Louis XIV; developed a professional army numbering 100,000 men in peacetime and 400,000 in time of war
(1701-1713) A war fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France; the Peace of Utrecht ended the war; a war fought over who would rule after Louis XIV died without an heir to the title of king; the Grand Alliance (England, the United Provinces, Habsburg Austria, and German states) fought against Spain and France to prevent a Bourbon dominance that would mean the certain destruction of the European balance of power
A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire; signed in 1713, put an end to the War of Spanish Succession (1701-13)
Dynasty that ruled the insignificant principality of Brandenburg in northeastern Germany and helped it evolve into a powerful state; Ruling family of Brandenburg Prussia that gained power by unifying German states; They forged Germany as a modern nation-state, clawing through several wars to unite Germany and make it into a powerful military power; a German family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia; Under Frederick I, the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia
First man who made modern Prussia; laid the foundation for the Prussian state; built a large and efficient standing army for defense of his small open territory; army was the fourth largest in the world; set up the General War Commissariat; was a Hohenzollern leader who inherited the title of elector of Brandenburg; created a strong army and the best standing army in Europe; bases moved toward absolute monarchy; introduced permanent taxation; weakened representative assemblies of their territories and forced Junkers to cooperate; gave the Junkers exclusive right to be officers in his army; became rigidly controlled in highly militarized society
The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state; Prussian nobility; are the nobility and the landowning classes who dominated The Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia; Frederick William I’s fight for power brought him into considerable conflict with them; in his early years, he even threatened to destroy them, but the Prussian nobility was not destroyed. Instead, they were enlisted into the army. Weakened by Frederick William, the Great Elector
Pragmatic Sanction
An edict issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI to ensure that the hereditary possessions of the Habsburgs could be inherited by a daughter; was written by Charles IV so his daughter, Maria, could inherit the throne; created because Charles' brother, Joseph, died without any male heirs. They wanted Austria to stay a unified country and not be broken up. It stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to divide and were always to be passed intact to a single heir. Charles was the last of all of the Habsburg males.
Charles X (Sweden)
Reestablished domestic order; His accession to the throne defused a potentially explosive peasant revolt against the nobility; successor to Christina Adolphus
Ivan IV the Terrible
Was the first ruler to take the title of tsar (‘‘Caesar’’); expanded the territories of Russia eastward after finding westward expansion blocked by the powerful Swedish and Polish states; extended the autocracy of the tsar by crushing the power of the Russian nobility, known as the boyars; He began as a successful leader, adding lands to Russia; He was a fierce ruler who laid the groundwork for the westernizing of Russia
Boyars
Russian nobility; The highest-ranking members of the Russian nobility; were members of the highest rank of Russian feudal society. Their power and prestige was derived mostly from land ownership
Romanovs
Elected by the Zemksy Sobor, the national assembly of Russia, and became the ruling dynasty until 1917; was elected the new hereditary tsar in 1613 of Russia; brought about total enserfment of the people, while the military obligations on the nobility were relaxed considerably. Nobility gained more exemptions from the military service, while the peasants were further ground down; Russian imperial dynasty that strengthened absolutism in Russia
Duma
The Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes
Peter the Great
The Romanov czar who initiated the westernization of Russian society by traveling to the West and incorporating techniques of manufacturing as well as manners and dress; Romanov ruler of Russia from 1682-1725. He brought Western European ideas to Russia, improved the Russian army, achieved control of the Orthodox Church, dominated the nobility, and transformed Russia into a major world power; noticeably accelerated the westernizing process of Russia; enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg; first priorities was the reorganization of the army and the creation of a navy. Employing both Russians and Europeans as officers, he conscripted peasants for twenty-five-year stints of service to build a standing army of 210,000 men; given credit for forming the first Russian navy; reorganized the central government, partly along Western lines
St. Petersburg ("Window to the West")
A symbol that Russia was looking westward to Europe; metropolis Peter the Great created; capital of Russian Empire for more than 200 years; showed the westernization and modernization of Russia during Peter's rule and exemplified his absolute power; Symbol of Peter's autocracy and rejection of Russian tradition; used western European architecture
Battle of Poltava
Was a battle in the Northern War; Peter the Great won this battle for Russia and it established the country's dominance in Europe; influenced Peter to build St. Petersburg
James I (England)
espoused the divine right of kings, the belief that kings receive their power directly from God and are responsible to no one except God. This viewpoint alienated Parliament, which had grown accustomed under the Tudors to act on the premise that monarch and Parliament together ruled England as a ‘‘balanced polity’’; son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, he succeeded the childless Elizabeth I; upheld a belief of Divine Right and Absolutism; alienated Parliament as well as Puritans who represented a significant amount of nobles in Parliament
Charles I (England)
King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded; first example of regicide by nobles/parliament, which sent shock-waves through the European continent; decided that since he could not work with Parliament, he would not summon it to meet. From 1629 to 1640, pursued a course of personal rule, which forced him to find ways to collect taxes without the cooperation of Parliament
ship money
a levy on seacoast towns to pay for coastal defense, which was now collected annually by the king’s officials throughout England and used to finance other government operations besides defense; use aroused opposition from middle-class merchants and landed gentry, who objected to the king’s attempts to tax without Parliament’s consent; an example of Charles I of England reneging on the Petition of Right; a tax that was instituted by Charles I; required both coastal and inland countries to help pay the cost of ships for defense
Petition of Right
Prohibited taxation without Parliament’s consent, arbitrary imprisonment, the quartering of soldiers in private houses, and the declaration of martial law in peacetime; required for the monarch to gain consent of Parliament before levying taxes or quartering soldiers
Triennial Act
Specified that Parliament must meet at least once every three years, with or without the king’s consent
Writ of Habeas Corpus
forbade double jeopardy; prisoners must be in court for their trial; speedy trials; just cause for continued imprisonment; court order which requires that individuals who have been arrested or detained be physically brought before the court to determine whether they are being held on legal grounds; helps protect people from being arbitrary arrested and/or held in custody for excessive periods unnecessarily; means "you must have the body"
Long Parliament
it lasted in one form or another from 1640 to 1660; took a series of steps that placed severe limitations on royal authority; included the abolition of arbitrary courts; the abolition of taxes that the king had collected without Parliament’s consent, such as ship money; and the passage of the revolutionary Triennial Act; abolished the courts that enforced royal policy and prohibited the levying of new taxes without its consent; no more than three years should elapse between its meetings and that the king could not dissolve it without its own consent
New Model Army
Composed primarily of more extreme Puritans known as the Independents, who believed they were doing battle for the Lord; important to Parliament’s success in the English Civil War; The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war
Pride's Purge
Elements of the new model army removed all non-puritans and Presbyterians from Parliament; Colonel Thomas Pride phiscally bars Prestyterians, who made up a majority of Parliament, from taking their seats; Colonel Thomas Pride kept royalist members of Parliament from takingtheire seats, creating a Rump Parliament of 50 antimonarch members. Oliver Cromwell used this Parliament to further his own agenda
Rump Parliament
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy after Charles I was killed; abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and proclaimed England a republic or commonwealth; essentially functioned as a military dictatorship
Act of Settlement
1701 law by Parliament stating that should William III die heirless, Mary's Protestant sister, Anne, would take the throne, thereby protecting Protestant rule in England; Act of Parliament that thereafter regulated the succession to the English throne; designed to secure the Protestant succession to the throne, and to strengthen the guarantees for ensuring a parliamentary
Interregnum
"between the kings"- between when Charles I executed and Charles II took over throne after Cromwell's death and subsequent failed succession; the period from 1649 to 1660, when England was without a king, England was instead controlled by the Rump Parliament, those who remained in Parliament after Charles' supporters were kicked out of office
Test Act of 1673
Propelled by a strong anti-Catholic sentiment, Parliament then specified that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices; Excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, or assembling for meetings; required all civil and military officials of the crown to swear on oath against the doctrine of transubstantiation
Whigs
Wanted to exclude James and establish a Protestant king with toleration of Dissenters (Catholics and Puritans); led by Walpole, Opposition members of Parliament who tried to exclude James from succession to the throne; supported constitutional monarchism and opposed absolute rule
Tories
Supported the king, despite their dislike of James as a Catholic, because they believed that Parliament should not tamper with the lawful succession to the throne; supported royal authority, and were opposed to Parliament; they were traditionalists and conservationists; a more traditional group as they wanted most things to stay the same and publicly supported the idea of royal authority
James II
Inherited the throne at age 55 from his brother Charles II; He sought to return England to Catholicism; Appointed many Catholics to high positions in government and in colleges; an open and devout Catholic, his attempt to further Catholic interests made religion once more a primary cause of conflict between king and Parliament. Contrary to the Test Act, named Catholics to high positions in the government, army, navy, and universities. In 1687, he issued a new Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended all laws barring Catholics and Dissenters from office
English Bill of Rights
Affirmed Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes and made it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament by stipulating that standing armies could be raised only with the consent of Parliament; helped fashion a system of government based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament, thus laying the foundation for a constitutional monarchy; England became a constitutional monarchy; this became the hallmark for constitutionalism in Europe; kings could not be Roman Catholic; laws could be made only with the consent of Parliament; Parliament had right of free speech
Robert Walpole
Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745); successful in England because of his peace abroad, royal support, House of Commons support, and he controlled government patronage, leading to his success as Prime minister, with popular policies; had success in his life with the government and public viewpoint, and was the first person to ever be called British prime minister