micro/immuno exam 2

Staphylococcus

Gram positive

Streptococcus

Gram positive

Enterococcus

Gram positive

Neisseria

Gram negative cocci

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Gram positive bacilli

Clostridium

Gram positive bacilli

Bordetella pertussis

Gram negative bacilli

Haemophilus influenzae

Gram negative bacilli

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Gram negative bacilli

Legionella pneumophilia

Gram negative bacilli

Mycobacterium

Colorless on gram stain (kinda G+)

Chlamydiae

Does not stain (weird cell wall, G-)

Ureaplasma

No cell wall

Mycoplasma

No cell wall

Spirochetes

Does not stain (G-)

What cytokines differentiate Th1

IL-12 and IFN-y

What cytokines do Th1 produce

IFN-y and IL-2 and TNF

What cytokines do Th1 produce

IFN-y and IL-2 and TNF

What cytokines differentiate Th2

IL-2 and IL-4

What cytokines do Th2 produce

IL-5, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13

Th2 functions

Helminths, eosinophils and mast cells

What cytokines differentiate Th17

IL-1, IL-6, IL-23, and TGF-B

Th17 secrete what cytokines

IL-17 and IL-22

Th17 functions

Extracellular: Fungi, bacterial (activate neutrophils)

Role of TFH cells

Support B cells and ab production, hand out in lymph organs near B cells

What cytokines differentiate into Treg cells

IL-2 and TGF-B

Treg cells express what

FOXP3, CTLA-4, and CD25

APS-1/ APECED

Autoimmunity: mutation in AIRE gene (CHAR)

Autoantibodies attack IL-17 and IL-22

IPEX

Autoimmunity: no FOXP3, no peripheral tolerance

Immunoprivileged sites have lots of

TGF-B and IL-10

Checkpoint blockade

Abs against inhibitory receptors to reverse T cell exhaustion

PD-1

Binds PD-L1 or PD-L2 → inhibitory

What cytokines do Tregs excrete

IL-10 and TGF-B

What is needed for affinity maturation and isotope switching

CD40: CD40L

What cytokines differentiate IgA

TGF-B and IL-5

What cytokines differentiate IgG

IFN-y and IL-4 and IL-10

What cytokines differentiate IgE

IL-4 and IL-13

Tolerance comes from

Negative selection

B cells with low affinity

Anergy via lowered BCR expression

B cells with high affinity

Receptor editing via RAG reactivation

Tellurite agar

Selective, differential, black colonies (c. Diptheriae)

MacConkey agar

Selective for G- lactose fermenters

BCYE agar

Used for legionella

Latex bead agglutination

Mimic cellular particles and allow Ab-mediated cross-linking to produce visible agglutination

Which microscope is best for viewing live, unstained cells/ liquids

Phase-contrast

Which microscope is best for thin, motile organisms like spirochetes

Darkfield