Biology Unit 1 and 2 Exam Prep (based of learning goals)

cell membrane(plasma membrane)

phospholipid bilayer with embedded protein molecules that serves to control what substances enter and exit a cell

protein channels

proteins in the membrane whose role it is to pass molecules that cannot go through the membrane

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

Cholesterol

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.

Glycoproteins

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.

Passive Transport (Diffusion)

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell, with the concentration gradient

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Endcytosis

a form of active transport that usually moves large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic cell membrane into the cell

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

surface area to volume ratio

a variable that decreases as cells grow, so that it sets a limit to the size of cells.

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Eukaryotic cells

Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls.

DORA C (how to differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells)

DNA, (membrane bound) Organelles, Reproduction, Average size, Cellularism

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Urea (CO(NH2)2)

a form of ammonia that is produced in the liver. Excreted by all mammals, some fish and most amphibians. It is 100, 000 times less toxic than ammonia

Amomonia

a small highly toxic molecule that is excreted with no energy cost by aquatic invertebrates and most fish.

Uric Acid (C5H4N4O3)

Converted from ammonia and made from NH3 at high energy cost. Excreted as a white paste by birds, insects, land snails, and some reptiles. It has a very low solubility and virtually non-toxic.

metabolic heat

energy released within an organism during the process of cellular respiration

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Mitochondria

site of cellular respiration

Plastids

pigments, tannins, and polyphenols

Lysosomes

the removal of cellular products and waste

folding membrane in the mitochondria

increases surface area for enzyme controlled reactions

what factors can affect reaction rate of enzymes

temperature, pH, the presence of inhibitors, and the concentrations of reactants and products.

ATP energy

adenosine triphosphate

Photosynthesis

enzyme-controlled series of chemical reactions that occurs in the chloroplast in plant cells and uses light energy to synthesise organic compounds (glucose), and the overall process can be summarised in a balanced chemical equation

Phtosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

light-dependent reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle

relationship between light-dependent reactions and light independent reactions

The light-dependent reactions pass electrons through an electron transport chain to the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions produce carbon dioxide, which is then used by the light-independent reactions.

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. requires oxygen

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. requires oxygen

electron transport chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. requires oxygen

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

aerobic respiration equation

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

an undersupply of oxygen,

ATP is produced from glucose by the reaction sequence known as anaerobic respiration

energy transfer

Movement of energy from one place or object to another

stem cells

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

Stem Cell Hierarchy

totipotent < pluripotent < multipotent < unipotent

hierarchal structure of organization

cells, tissues, organs, systems

gas exchange

the process of obtaining oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide

Caperillaries

facilitates the exchange of materials (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions and nutrients) between the internal environment and cells

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

Amalayse

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

Protease

enzyme that breaks down proteins

Lipase

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

Nitrogenous waste products

ammonia, urea, uric acid

Loop of Henle

section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine

nephron

functional unit of the kidney

collecting tubule

the structure in the nephron that collects urine from the distal convoluted tubule

glomerular filtration

The first step in urine formation in which substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane and the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.

Selective reabsorption

The absorption of certain selected molecules back into the blood from the fluid in the nephron tubule.

Secretion

a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

gaurd cells

pairs of cells that surround stomata and control opening and closing

Gas exchange in plants

-Stomata allows gases to go in and out of the leaf
-Air spaces between the mesophyll cells allow gases to pass through

photosynthesis relationship with main tissue

The cells in a middle layer of leaf tissue called the mesophyll are the primary site of photosynthesis

Xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

Xylem vs. Phloem

The xylem distributes water and dissolved minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves. The phloem carries food downward from the leaves to the roots.

Rate of transpiration affecters

light, temperature, wind, humidity

transport of products of photosynthesis

translocation and it occurs in the phloem

infectious diease

invasion by a pathogen and can be transmitted from one host to another

non-infectious disease

genetic and lifestyle diseases

Prions

misfolded proteins

Viruses

tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells

Bacteria

Single celled, prokaryotic organisms that sometimes trigger the immune system.

Fungi

any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

Protists

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

paracites

Organisms that grow feed and shelter on another organism

invasion factors

allow for host membrane breakdown and for the bacteria to pass into host cells

adherence factors

molecules that bind to host cell receptors

Capsules

prevent phagocytosis

Toxins

Various poisonous substances produced by some microorganisms (bacteria and viruses).

lifestyle changes

changes in a person's daily habits or behavior

disease specific vectors

fleas on rats

adaptive immune system

Respond to specific antigens; Responds by remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed

Passive immune system

1st line of defense

leaf structure

cuticle, vascular tissue, epidermis, mesophyll cells, guard cells, stomata

Prostaglandins

Modified fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells.

innate immunity

Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.

artificial immunity

acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine

Phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes

vasodilation

A widening of the diameter of a blood vessel.

adaptive immune responses in vertebrates

humoral (production of antibodies by B lymphocytes) and cell-mediated (T lymphocytes), memory cells are produced in both situations

Homeostasis

a stimulus-response model in which change in the condition of the external or internal environment is detected and appropriate responses occur via negative feedback

sensory receptors

chemo, thermos, mechano, photo, noci

effectors are either ... or ...

muscles or glands

catabolic reactions

breakdown of molecules

anabolic reactions

build up large chemicals and require energy