AP PSYCH u5.3-5.5d - mental health/disorders & treatment

dysfunction

interferes w daily life

perception of distress

unpleasant/upsetting thoughts and behavior

deviation from the social norm

different/extreme from social norm/baseline

APA

american psychiatric association - makes dsm and classifies stuff

DSM

mantua that describes psych disorders and sets a standard baseline for diagnosis

medical model

psychological disorders have a physiological cause

eclectic (biopsychosocial approach)

assumes that bio, psycho, and social factors combine + interact to produce psychological disorders

genetic vulnerability / diathesis stress model

genetic predispositions are triggered by stress

neurodevelopment disorders

CNS abnormalities that start in childhood and alter thinking/behavior

ADHD

extreme inattentional wnd/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

ASD

limits in communication and social interactions - fixed interests and repetitive behaviors

schizophrenic spectrum disorder

symptoms in: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking + motor behavior, negative symptoms

psychotic disorders

irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and loss of contact with reality

schizo - delusions

false beliefs of persecution or grandeur

schizo - hallucinations

perceiving things that aren’t there

schizo - disorganized thinking/speech

world salad - fragmented thoughts → unorganized speech (selective attention failure)

schizo - disorganized motor behavior

childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation

schizo - negative symptoms

a sense of appropriate behaviors

schizo - chronic vs acute

severe & sudden vs long term condition

depressive disorders

body, mood, and thoughts are depressed

persistent depressive disorder

chronic, less debilitating/severe symptoms - doesn’t disable, person just feels unwell

major depressive disorder

at least 5 symptoms over 2 week period - causes daily distress

bipolar disorders

cycling mood changes w severe mania and depressions

bipolar I

2 week depression, 1 week mania

bipolar II

2 week depression, 4+ days mania w/o life threatening consequences

anxiety disorders

distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety

specific phobia

fear/avoidant of specific objects/situations

agoraphobia

fear of public transportation and being in open/closed spaces

panic disorder

recurrent panic attacks

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social interactions w possibility of criticism

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive anxiety over things that is often over 6 months +

obsessive compulsive and related disorders

compulsions that pressure people to perform them in response to obsessions

obsessions

recurrent and invasive thoughts

compulsions

repetitive ritualistic behavior

hoarding disorder

difficulty parting with possessions

dissociative disorders

feeling as if you’re separated from your body / things are seperated from conscious awareness

dissociative w fugue / amnesia

forget past and start new life / selective memory loss from trauma

DID

mind splits into 2+ distinct personalities

trauma + stressor related disorders

disorders linked to trauma and stressors

PTSD

characteristic symptoms following exposure to traumatic event(s)

feeding + eating disorders

altered consumption/absorption of food that impairs health/functioning

anorexia nervosa

starving self despite being skinny - altered perception of self

bulimia nervosa

binge eating and purging to maintain physique

personality disorders

unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning, and behaving

antisocial personality disorder

disregard and violate rights of others - know, don’t xare

cluster A personality disorders

paranoid: distrust others, schizoid: detached and low range of emotion, schizotypal: discomfort in close relations

cluster B personality disorders

antisocial, borderline: unstable in relationships, histrionic: attention seeking, narcissistic: self absorbed

cluster C personality disorders

avoidant: sensitive to negative eval, dependent: clingy and attached, obsessive compulsive: preoccupied w order and perfection

meta analysis

use many results to come to overall conclusion

psychotherapy

use psycho techniques to help one grow and overcome

biomedical therapy

physio treatment can improve psycho disorder symptoms

psychodynamic therapies

individuals respond to unconscious forces and childhood experiences - enhance self insight

free association

saying whatever comes to mind

dream interpretation

analyzing contents of dreams for underlying dreams/conflicts

transference

transfer linked emotions in other relationship onto therapist

insight therapies

increase awareness of underlying motives and defenses to improve psychological functioning

cognitive therapy

assume disorders are influenced by cognitive patterns

REBT

analyze self defeating beeline to change thought patterns, then change behavior in patterns

CBT

combine cognitive and behavioral to identify bad patterns, challenge them, and replace + change behavior

exposure therapies

slowly expose to source of anxiety

systematic desensitization

associate good things w anxiety inducers

aversion therapies

associate unpleasant experience w unwanted behavior

counterconditioning

replace negative response w positive one

token economies

give token for good behavior

person/client centered therapy

use active listening and unconditional positive regard

active listening

using ‘i’ and bidirectional statements in communications

unconditional positive regard

complete support and acceptance no matter what and not being conditional

group/family therapy

people in group support each other through recovery and looking at whole family as influencing an individual

confirmation bias

cherry-picking info or disregarding contrasting info

evidence based practice

integrate best possible research, doctor expertise, and patient preference in treatment

therapeutic alliance

mutual trust between therapist and patient

clinical psychologist vs psychiatrist

focus on therapy vs focus on prescription and medication

antipsychotic drugs

lower dopamine - schizophrenia

antianxiety drugs

depress CNS

antidepressant drugs

treat depressive, anxiety, OC, and PTSD

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movement of limbs and facial muscles from antipsychotics - similar to parkinson’s

hypnosis

suggest certain perceptions/feelings/behaviors will spontaneously occur

post hypnotic suggestion

carry out suggestion after hypnosis

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes after struggling w trauma

psychosurgery

removing/destroying brain tissue to alter behavior

TMS

use gentle magnetic waves to stimulate nerve cells

ECT

sending electricity to induce minor seizures (severe depression)

lobotomy

cut nerves continue frontal lobes to emotion centers in inner brain to calm violent and emotional patients

taijin kyofusho

fear that appearance/behavior is offensive to others

ataque de nervios

panic disorder bound to latino cultures - panic attack like episode triggered by acute family stress