RPT 213 Exam #1 (RPT 213) CH 1-6

https://quizlet.com/616460176/exam-1-rpt-213-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=56a60a24-8a99-4e36-9b56-88ec97ca8d60

Identify the functions of the upper airway.

As as a filter, humidify, to prevent foreign materials from entering the tracheobronchial tree

Identify what types of epithelium line the anterior one-third of the nasal cavity.

stratified squamous epithelium

Identify what types of epithelium line the posterior two-thirds of the nasal cavity.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Describe where the vallecula is located.

between the glossoepiglottic folds on each side of the posterior oropharynx (from the base of the tongue to the epiglottis)

Identify the functions of the larynx.

-A passageway of air between the pharynx and the trachea

-Generates sound for speech

-Serves as a protective mechanism against aspiration of solids and liquids.

Identify what structures are included in the cartilaginous airways

trachea, main stem bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, sub segmental bronchi (conducting zone)

Identify what structures are included in the noncartilaginous airways

Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles (conducting zone)

Identify what structures are included in the the site of gas exchange

-respiratory bronchi

-alveolar ducts and sacs (respiratory zone)

Identify risk factors that cause the rate of mucociliary transport to decrease.

cigarette smoke

dehydration

positive pressure

ventilation

excessive bronchial secretions

hypoxia

air pollution

Describe where the carina is located

the bifurcation (division) of the trachea

Describe the effects the sympathetic nervous system has on the bronchial smooth muscle.

stimulates beta 2 receptors in the bronchial smooth muscles causing relaxation (bronchodilation)

Explain how far the base of the lungs extend in relationship to the thoracic cage.

base of lungs extend anteriorly to about the level of the 6th rib (xiphoid process) and posteriorly to the level of the 11th rib (2 ribs below the inferior angle of the scapula)

Identify the nerves that stimulate the diaphragm.

Phrenic nerves

Explain when gas flow stops in the lungs when comparing a normal inspiration to expiration.

the pressure inside the alveoli and outside the atmosphere are equal at the end of inspiration (when gas flow stops)

Explain how the bronchial airways respond during a normal inhalation

beginning of inspiration pressure is the highest in the atmosphere; lower pressure in the alveoli

End of inspiration: state of equilibrium

Explain how the bronchial airways respond during a normal exhalation

beginning of exhalation the pressure is the highest in the alveoli; lower pressure is in the atmosphere.

At the end of expiration: State of equilibrium

Define driving pressure.

the pressure difference between 2 points in a tube/vessel.

Describe the difference between transrespiratory (transairway) pressure

pressure difference between barometric pressure and alveolar pressure.

Describe the difference between transmural pressure

pressure difference that occurs across the airway subtracting the intra airway pressure form the pressure on the outside of the airway

describe the difference between transpulmonary pressure

pressure difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure

describe the difference between transthoracic pressure

pressure difference between alveolar pressure and body surface pressure

Describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall.

Chest wall has a natural tendency to move outward or expand. Lungs have a natural tendency to move inward and collapse.

Identify what type of cells produce pulmonary surfactant

alveolar type II cells

Identify what forces cause the lung to recoil.

elastic properties and surface tension

Describe Poiseuille's Law

Inspiration: bronchial airways (lengthen and increase in diameter)

Expiration: bronchial airways (decrease in diameter and lengthen in diameter)

Describe the effects of airway resistance on ventilatory patterns.

increases the pt. RR decreases and the tidal volume increases

Describe the effects of airway lung compliance on ventilatory patterns

the pt. RR increase while at the same time, the tidal volume decreases

If lung compliance decrease

the tidal volume decrease

decrease lung compliance is known as

stiff lungs

What conditions are associated with decreased lung compliance?

pulmonary fibrosis

atelectasis

frail chest

pulmonary edema

pneumonia

What happens to the RR with decreased lung compliance?

RR goes up; patient breathe fast

What happens to the tidal volume when the lungs are stiff?

goes down

If RAW decreases

RR will increase; Inflation time decrease

Identify the 3 components of the ventilatory patterns.

Tidal volume (volume of air in mL that we breathe in and out)

Ventilatory Rate (RR)

Time relationship (I:E Ratio)

Calculate minute alveolar ventilation

[tidal volume-dead space] x RR

-Answer is mL/min

Define deadspace

volume of inspired air that does not reach the alveoli and is not effective (does not participate in gas exchange)

Dalton's Law

the law of partial pressure

How to measure barometric pressure

with a barometer

Fick's Law

the rate of gas transfer across a sheet of tissues.

proportional to the surface area of the tissue, the diffusion of constant (quantity of the substance), and the difference in the partial pressure

Inversely proportional to the thickness of the tissue

Conditions that effect the rate of gas transfer at the ac membrane?

thickness of the lungs

surface area

quantity of the diffusion of gasses

difference in the partial pressure

Henry law

amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid at a given temp is proportional to partial pressure of a gas

graham law

rate of diffusion of gas through liquid.

is directly proportionate to the solubility coefficient

is inversely proportionate to the weight

Identify the normal barometric pressure at sea level.

760 mmHg or torr

Identify the gases that compose the barometric pressure and their percentages.

Nitrogen= 78%

Oxygen= 21%

Carbon dioxide= 0.2%

other= 0.93%

Identify what the normal partial pressure of water (PH2O) is at 37 ̊C.

47.0 mmHg

Identify what the abbreviation PAO2 stand for?

Alveolar partial pressure of O2 in the blood

Identify what the abbreviation PaO2 stand for

Arterial partial pressure of O2 in the blood

How do you get the PaO2

ABG (arterial blood gas)

Identify what normal absolute humidity is in an alveolar gas.

44 mg/L

Calculate the alveolar air equation (PAO2)

PAO2= [PB-PH2O x FIO2]-PaCO2 (1.25)

Explain how long it usually takes blood to move through the AC membrane at rest.

0.75 seconds

Identify the gases that exhibit perfusion limited

nitrous oxide

Identify the gases that exhibit diffusion limited

carbon monoxide

Can be diffusion and perfusion limited but, it is normally perfusion limited.

oxygen

Identify what conditions affect the rate of gas diffusion

Atelectasis (alveolar collapse)

Alveolar fibrosis (thickening of alveoli wall)

pneumonia (consolidation)

pulmonary edema

secretions

interstitial edema (interstitial space is swollen)

emphysema

Identify the normal range for leukocytes

4,000-12,000 cells/mm3

Identify the normal range for platelets.

150,000-400,000 cells/mm3

Identify what leukocytes are considered to be granulocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Identify what leukocytes are considered to be agranulocytes

lymphocytes

monocytes

thrombocytes (platelets)

Identify the normal percentage of eosinophils in the blood.

2-5% in the blood

When are eosinophils increased?

in pt. with asthma

Identify how many chambers are in the heart.

4 chambers

Identify the structure that separates the right and left ventricles.

interventricular septum

Identify the structure that separates the left and right atrium.

interatrial septum

myocardium

middle layer (thickest layer)

Endocardium

connective tissue layer (inside)

Pericardium (epicardium)

outer visceral layer (squamous epithelium cells)

Describe where the vasomotor center is located.

medulla oblongata

Describe where baroreceptors are located

in the walls of the carotid arteries and the aorta arch

Identify the layers of arteries

tunica intima (inner layer)

tunica media (middle layer)

tunica adventitia (outer layer)

What can cause symptoms of increased RAW?

secretion, mucus, tumors, body aspirations. Blocks airway. Increase CL (lung compliance).

What pt have increased lung compliance (CL) ?

COPD (emphysema) due to air trapping

Increased RAW causes pt lungs to take more time to do what?

inflate