10.1-10.2 Economic Development Notes

Development

Process of improving conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

Developed countries

Nations with a higher Human Development Index (HDI), such as North America and Europe.

Developing countries

Nations with a lower HDI, including regions like Latin America, East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A measure of development based on standard of living, life expectancy, and access to knowledge, ranging from 0 to 1.

Standard of living

Measured by Gross National Income (GNI), reflecting the value of goods and services produced in a country annually.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A measure that does not account for money entering and leaving a country.

GNI per capita

Indicates potential for a high standard of living but does not reflect the exact living conditions of individuals.

Job sectors

Primary (extraction), Secondary (manufacturing), Tertiary (services) - their contributions to GNI vary between developed and developing countries.

Productivity

The value of a product compared to the labor needed to produce it; higher in developed countries due to better technology access.

Years of schooling

A critical measure of access to knowledge, including current adults' and expected youth's schooling.

Pupil/teacher ratio

A lower ratio allows teachers to dedicate more time to each student, enhancing education quality.

Literacy rate

A measure of the ability to read and write, often lower in developing countries due to language barriers in educational materials.

Life expectancy at birth

A key health measure for HDI, indicating overall health and nutrition access.

Infant mortality

Healthcare improvements aim to reduce this rate, which is often higher in developing countries.

Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

Modifies HDI to account for inequality; a larger gap between HDI and IHDI indicates greater inequality.

Core countries

Developed nations with higher economic stability; often strategically located; hold economic power.

Periphery countries

Developing nations with lower economic stability.

Semi-periphery countries

Nations with intermediate levels of economic development.

Forward Capital

A strategy to move a capital city to promote equality within a country.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Measures gender inequality based on reproductive health, labor market participation, and education.

Gender Development Index (GDI)

Ranks countries based on income, education, and life expectancy, reflecting gender parity.

Empowerment

The ability of women to achieve economic and political power, measured by education and political representation.

Adolescent fertility

The number of births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19, often higher in the U.S. than in other developed countries.

Maternal mortality rate

The number of women who die during childbirth per 100,000 births, with higher rates in developing countries.