Components and Functions of Blood and Heart Regulation

Main components of blood

Formed elements + platelets

Type of tissue is blood

Connective

Matrix of blood

Plasma

Formed elements

RBC, WBC, platelets

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood

Colors of blood and their indication

Bright red indicates increase in O2, dark red indicates decrease in O2

Viscosity of blood

Low viscosity

Factors accounting for viscosity of blood

# and volume

Normal pH range for blood

7.35 - 7.45

Normal temperature for blood

100.4°F (38°C)

Normal blood volume for males and females

5 L

Main functions of blood

Carry oxygen and nutrients

Substances distributed by blood

Oxygen and nutrients

Regulated by blood

Temperature, pH, fluid balance, pressure, nutrients, and immune function

pH

Measures acidity

Electrolyte

Minerals that carry electric charge and move nutrients into cells

Protective functions of blood

Fighting infection

Components of blood plasma

Water, Proteins, electrolytes, Nutrients, hormones, waste

Percentage of blood that is formed elements and plasma

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

Albumin

Most abundant plasma protein

Where albumin is made

Liver

Functions of albumin

Bind and transport molecules

Osmotic pressure

Pressure of dissolved substances in plasma

Globulins

Plasma proteins

Functions of globulins

Gamma- antibodies. Formed in lymphatic tissue

Alpha and beta - transport lipids and vitamins. Formed in liver.

Fibrinogen

Plasma blood protein

What does fibrinogen do?

blood clotting

What is leukocytosis?

high WBC count

What is leukopenia?

low WBC count

Plasma cells

Immune cells that produce antibodies

Antibodies

Proteins that protect the body

What are the two ways WBC function?

1. Phagocytize bacterial cells (macrophages/monocytes ingest)

2. Antibodies are produced to target and destroy cells.

What is hematocrit?

percent of blood volume that is RBCs

Where clotting proteins are produced

Liver

Most important clotting proteins in plasma

Fibrinogen + prothrombin

Nutrients found in plasma

Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids

Electrolytes found in plasma

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium

Waste found in plasma

Creatinine, bilirubin, uric acid

Buffers

Help maintain pH

Size and shape of a red blood cell

<1 nu biconcave

Advantages of biconcavity

Diffusion, flexibility, max. capacity

Organelles found within RBCs

0

Primary content of RBCs

Hemoglobin

Function of hemoglobin

Holds onto O2

Globin

Binding proteins

Heme

Iron containing molecule that holds O2

Hemes per hemoglobin

4

Iron atoms per hemoglobin

4

O2 molecules carried per hemoglobin

4

Difference between oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin

Bright red, high O2; dark red, low O2

Hemoglobin's involvement in CO2 transport

Directly bonding to CO2 molecules

Hemopoiesis

RBC + platelet production

Hemocytoblast

Stem cell that produces RBC

Erythropoiesis

Production of RBC

Location of hemopoiesis and erythropoiesis

Bone marrow

Location of red bone marrow in adults

Diaphysis of long bones

Erythropoietin

Hormone

Where EPO is made

Yolk sack, liver, and spleen in infants; bone marrow in adults.

Function of EPO

Stimulate production of RBC

Lifespan of an RBC

120 days

Where RBCs die

Spleen + liver

Role of macrophages in RBC breakdown

Break down, eat/digest, discard

What happens to the globin part of hemoglobin

It's broken into amino acids + recycled

What happens to the iron in hemoglobin

Release, stored, or reused

Transferrin, ferritin, and hemosiderin

Glycoproteins

Bilirubin

Waste from blood

Role of bile in bilirubin excretion

Bile carries bilirubin from liver to intestines

Where WBCs are formed

Bone marrow (epiphysis)

Where most WBCs are found

Lymph tissue

Percentage of formed elements that are WBCs

<1%

Basic function of WBCs

Fight + detect infection

Diapedesis

When white blood cells move from blood to infected areas

Positive chemotaxis

WBC move toward a chemical signal

Classes of WBCs

The 2 classes of WBCs are granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Wright's stain

Stain of WBC

Neutrophils

First response cells

Characteristics of neutrophils

Multi-lobed nuclei

Alternate name for neutrophils

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Eosinophils

Fight parasites

Characteristics of eosinophils

Bi-lobed nuclei

Basophils

Prevent clotting

Characteristics of basophils

Seemingly missing nucleus

Lymphocytes

Fight infection

Characteristics of lymphocytes

Large nucleus

Classes of lymphocytes

B and T lymphocytes

Monocytes

Turn into macrophages, clean blood.

Characteristics of monocytes

Large kidney bean nucleus

% of WBCs by type

60% neutrophils, 30% lymphocytes, 6% monocytes, 3% eosinophils, 1% basophils

Leukopoiesis

Formation of WBC, occurs in the epiphysis

Why is thrombopoiesis important?

It breaks megakaryocytes into platelets for blood clotting.

Platelets

Cell fragments, clotting

Characteristics of platelets

No nucleus, small asf

Thrombopoiesis

Platelet formation, occurs in bone marrow

Normal # of platelets

50,000 - 450,000 per µL of blood

Alternate name for platelets

Thrombocytes

Hemostasis

Preventing bleeding, vessel constriction

Vascular spasm

Sudden involuntary constriction

Platelet plug

A response to an injury in vessel walls

Platelet plug formation

Adherence, activate, aggregate

Prevention of excessive platelet plugs

Fibroectin