final sociology

Policymaking

The process of creating laws, regulations, or decisions that address public issues

policy implementation

The phase of putting a policy or law into effect.

policy domain

refers to the specific area of public policy, such as education, health, or environment, where decisions and actions are made.

policy arena

A place where they debate and decide on policies

lobbyists

Individuals hired by the government to influence government decisions on behalf of special groups or individuals

target populations

Specific groups of people that policies aim to affect or benefit. Specifically the elderly, low-income families or children with health conditions

social determinants of health

The aspects of life that can affect people’s health outcomes or aspects of life.

health disparities

Differences in health outcomes or access to healthcare among different populations

social gradient in health

The relationship between social status and health outcomes

Whitehall Studies

Done to see the relationship between social status and health outcomes showing that lower-status employees had poorer health outcomes

Social Drift

Theory that poor individuals with poor health are more likely to experience bad mobility in the future

social causation

theory that social factors like poverty and low education directly cause poor health outcomes

Fundamental cause theory

suggests that social 

factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, education)

 shape access to resources that influence 

Health outcomes and these factors persist

over time, regardless of specific health

 problems.

Cultural health capital

Refers to the knowledge, skills and behaviors individuals or groups have so that they could be able to navigate through a healthcare system

Affordable care act (ACA)

A federal law passed in 2010 that aims to reduce healthcare costs expand insurance covering and improve healthcare quality, particularly low-income individuals

Market reform in healthcare

Refers to the changes in healthcare that can make healthcare systems more competitive.

Target populations

The groups of people who are the primary beneficiaries or recipients of healthcare service such as the elderly, children, or individuals with chronic conditions.

What is deservingness in 

the context of social policy?

Refers to the belief that some individuals or groups are more worthy of assistance or benefits based on their perceived needs, efforts, or circumstances often influencing policy decisions

Harm reduction

A public health approach designed to minimize the negative consequences of risky behaviors.

Housing first approach

Attempt to address homelessness by providing permanent housing without preconditions

Chronic homelessness

Refers to individuals who experience long-term or repeated episodes of homelessness

Affordable housing

Housing units that are low in price and made for families, typically not exceeding thirty percent

John Kingdoms Three steam model

A framework for understanding how policies are made, suggesting that policy decisions are influenced by three streams: problems, policy, and politics

What is problem 

recognition in policy 

development?

When an issue or concern is identified as needing government attention, often driven by public awareness or crisis situations

Policy proposal

A plan or suggestion put forward to address a recognized problem, often developed by policymakers or experts in the field

What is the political stream

 in policymaking?

refers to the political climate, including public opinion

infant mortality

Refers to the death of infants before their first birthdays

life expectency

Is the average number of years a person expects to live, based on current mortality rates

Universal Health care

A system in which all individuals have access to healthcare services provided by the government or through national insurance

1973 Rehabilitation Act

A law prohibiting discrimination based on disabilities

Medicare

A US federal program that provides health insurance for individuals age 65 and older and sometimes for younger people who have a disability

Medicaid

A joint federal and state program that provides health coverage to low-income families

State Childrens health insurance program

A program that provides health coverage to children in families that earn too much to qualify for Medicaid but they cant afford private insurance.

U.S healthcare spending

The total amount of money spent on healthcare services including private, public and government expenditures.

Uninsured population

Individuals who do not have health coverage often due to costs or employment status

Pre-existing condition in healthcare

A health issue or illness that an individual has before applying for health insurance. The Affordable Care Act prevents insurers from denying coverage based on conditions.

What is the impact of the

 healthcare bill on 

pre-existing conditions?

Prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage or charging higher premiums based

What is the individual 

mandate under the ACA?

Requires individuals to prevent health insurance companies from denying coverage or charging higher premiums based on pre-existing

Veterans Health Administration

A government-ran health system that provides services to U.S military veterans, offering medical care

Risk pool in health insurance

A group of individuals who are insured together, sharing the financial risk of healthcare costs.

ACA Health Insurance Exchange

Is an online marketplace where individuals and families can shop for, compare, and purchase health insurance plans that meet ACA

Social problems marketplace

Refers to the space where social issues are recognized, discussed and acted upon, involving public disclosure, interest groups and policymakers