KIN 223 Exam 2, KIN223 Exam 2, exam 2 kin 223

Endocrine glands

lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid.

possess short ducts and secrete their products directly onto the skin surface.

possess ducts to secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid.

secrete mucus directly into a body cavity.

lack ducts and secrete their products onto the skin surface.

lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid.

Microscopic folds that extend from the apical surface of certain epithelia to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion are called

microvilli.

cilia.

flagella.

mucus.

desmosomes.

microvilli

Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue?

Secretion

Sensation

Selective permeability

Physical protection

No exceptions; these are all functions of epithelial tissue

No exceptions; these are all functions of epithelial tissue

The type of exocrine gland in which the entire cell disintegrates, liberating any accumulated products, is the __________ gland.

apocrine

merocrine

goblet cell

holocrine

None of the choices is correct.

holocrine

All connective tissues have three features in common. They are

protein fibers, a liquid portion, and ground substance.

cells, hormones, and protein fibers.

cells, protein fibers, and mucus.

cells, a liquid portion, and protein fibers.

cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.

cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.

Which type of connective tissue predominates in the deep portion of the dermis, where it lends strength to the skin?

Adipose

Cartilage

Areolar

Dense irregular

Dense regular

Dense irregular

Plasma is

platelets and a watery ground substance.

a liquid ground substance containing dissolved proteins.

platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells.

a dissolved ground matrix and a lining of epithelial cells.

a liquefied ground substance that includes several dissolved cells.

a liquid ground substance containing dissolved proteins.

Where in the body would you expect to find a perichondrium?

Covering cartilage

Covering the heart

Lining kidney tubules

Inside of the brain

Covering bones

Covering cartilage

Which type of connective tissue protein fiber forms a meshlike framework that provides structural support within many organs (within the spleen, for example)?

Collagen fibers

Cartilaginous fibers

Elastic fibers

Reticular fibers

Mucoid fibers

Reticular fibers

If you were examining a microscope slide containing a type of muscle tissue and observed a branching network of striated cells, each with one or two central nuclei, you could conclude that you were looking at _____ muscle.

smooth

voluntary

cardiac

osseous

skeletal

cardiac

What type of muscle contains intercalated discs?

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Cardiac

Dendrites

transmit signals away from the cell body.

transmit signals toward the cell body.

manufacture proteins to be used by the neuron.

use hormones to transmit information.

release neurotransmitter.

transmit signals toward the cell body.

Where in the body would you find a glial cell?

In the stomach

In the nervous system

In the cardiovascular system

In the immune system

In the skeletal system

In the nervous system

The type of membrane that prevents desiccation, provides lubrication, and traps bacteria and foreign particles is

cutaneous.

cartilaginous.

synovial.

serous.

mucous.

mucous.

The primary role of epithelial tissue in the stomach is

secretion of substances for chemical digestion.

housing blood vessels and nerves.

mixing and propulsion of foodstuffs.

regulation of contraction.

secretion of substances for chemical digestion.

The type of membrane that lines many of the body's joints is a _________ membrane.

metastatic

synovial

cutaneous

mucous

serous

synovial

Shrinkage of tissue by a decrease in either cell number or cell size is termed

hypertrophy.

fibrosis.

neoplasia.

metaplasia.

atrophy.

atrophy.

With age, epithelial tissues

A. become more flexible.

B. become thinner.

C. lose their blood supply.

D. lose resiliency but gain pliability.

E. increase in mass.

become thinner

When hyperplasia proceeds out of control, a tumor may develop. This condition is termed

atrophy.

metaplasia.

hypertrophy.

fibrosis.

neoplasia

neoplasia

Which is not considered part of the cytoplasm?

Organelles

Cytosol

Inclusions

Nucleus

Nucleus

Which of the following choices describes three general functions cells must perform?

Take up oxygen, prevent water entry, undergo mitosis frequently

Respond to all hormones, maintain a waterproof barrier, give rise to gametes

Maintain shape, obtain nutrients, and dispose of wastes

Grow until dividing, store complex carbohydrates, generate antibodies

Maintain shape, obtain nutrients, and dispose of wastes

The lipid that stabilizes the membrane at extreme temperatures and is found in the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer is

cholesterol.

the polar head.

glycocalyx.

the nonpolar tails.

glycolipid.

cholesterol.

Which type of protein is used by cells of the immune system to distinguish normal cells from foreign or infected cells?

Transport proteins

Ligands

Anchoring proteins

Cell adhesion proteins

Identity markers

Identity markers

Exocytosis occurs as a result of

ion pumps.

the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP.

hydrostatic pressure.

concentration gradients.

molecular movement with carrier assistance.

the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP.

During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration.

lesser

greater

greater

The release of neurotransmitter from a neuron is an example of

pinocytosis and it is a form of primary active transport.

exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP.

exocytosis and is a form of passive transport.

endocytosis and is a form of passive transport.

receptor-mediated endocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP.

exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP.

Which is an active transport process?

Bulk filtration

Facilitated diffusion

Simple diffusion

Osmosis

Ion pump

Ion pump

The sodium-potassium pump moves both potassium and sodium down their concentration gradients, from higher to lower concentration.

False

The sodium-potassium pump moves both potassium and sodium up their concentration gradients, from lower to higher concentration.

If the potential across a cell membrane is +30mV,

there is no relative charge difference between the inside and the outside of the cell.

there is a positive charge on the inside of the cell, relative to the outside.

there is a negative charge on the inside of the cell, relative to the outside.

the resting membrane potential has been established.

there is a positive charge on the inside of the cell, relative to the outside.

These junctions hold adjacent cells together and provide resistance to mechanical stress.

Synapses

Desmosomes

Tight junctions

Gap junctions

Desmosomes

The folds of the internal membrane of a mitochondrion are called

matrix.

vesicles.

cisternae.

vacuoles.

cristae.

cristae.

In humans, the only cell that bears a flagellum is the ________ cell.

kidney

oocyte

red blood

sperm

brain

sperm

Because they produce ribosome subunits, one would expect to find large numbers of nucleoli in cells that synthesize

energy sources.

steroid hormones.

solubility-enhancing substances.

pigments.

proteins.

proteins.

The building blocks that form the DNA double helix are called

nucleoli.

nucleotides.

nuclear pores.

nitrogenous acids.

steroid bases.

nucleotides.

The term "codon" refers to

the part of tRNA that is a triplet of bases that forms hydrogen bonds with complementary sequences.

a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.

a three-base sequence of mRNA.

an amino acid that is coded for by three bases of DNA.

the part of a rRNA molecule where a new amino acid is added.

a three-base sequence of mRNA.

Which of the following is considered a required enzyme for the process of transcription?

DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

Amine transferase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

RNA polymerase

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of mitosis?

Metaphase - prophase - anaphase - telophase

Metaphase - telophase - anaphase - prophase

Telophase - metaphase - prophase - anaphase

Prophase - anaphase - metaphase - telophase

Prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase

Prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase

The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is

interphase.

anaphase.

metaphase.

prophase.

telophase.

anaphase.

Apoptosis is best described as

the destruction of a cell through mechanical damage.

the process of immune cells recognizing an infected cell as "foreign".

the process of an aging cell becoming cancerous.

a process where cells destroy themselves.

a process where cells destroy themselves.

Which is not a function of the integument?

Water loss prevention

Body movement

Synthesis of cholecalciferol (vitamin D precursor)

Protection

Temperature regulation

Body movement

Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the ______ response.

immune

heating

sweating

tanning

sensory

immune

Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

Increased melanin production.

Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels.

Dehydration of the stratum corneum.

Constriction of the dermal collagen and elastic fibers.

Increased blood flow to affected areas.

Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels.

Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood?

Capillary hemangiomas

Pili

Nevi

Cavernous hemangiomas

Friction ridges

Capillary hemangiomas

Blood capillaries that supply nourishment for the epidermis are located in the

dermal papillae.

epidermal ridges.

epidermis proper.

reticular connective tissue.

subcutaneous layer.

dermal papillae.

The deeper sublayer of the dermis is the ________ layer, and it is the _______ of the two.

reticular, thicker

papillary, thicker

reticular, thinner

papillary, thinner

reticular, thicker

One of the main dangers of burns is

hyperthermia, as temperature regulation is very compromised.

hypocalcemia, as blood ion levels are dramatically altered.

dehydration, as water can escape from the body.

respiratory infection, as body defenses are concentrated superficially.

dehydration, as water can escape from the body.

Generally, people have ________ number of melanocytes ______________.

a higher; if they live in the warmer climates near the equator

about the same; no matter where they live

a lower; if they live in colder climates of the northern hemisphere

a highly variable; irrespective of where they live

a higher; if they live in the southern hemisphere

about the same; no matter where they live

Immune cells of the epidermis tend to be found in the stratum

corneum.

basale.

spinosum.

lucidum.

granulosum.

spinosum.

The function of melanin in the skin is to

keep the epidermis soft and pliable.

help regulate body temperature.

reduce water loss.

prevent infections.

protect against UV light.

protect against UV light.

The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the

root.

papilla.

alopecia.

bulb.

shaft.

shaft.

Where on the human body is the hair thick enough to retain heat?

Scalp

Axillary region

Beard

Pubic region

Nose

Scalp

Sebum is a secretion that

lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria.

acts as a pheremone once reproductive maturity is reached.

cools the skin and eliminates certain drugs.

maintains water balance through waterproofing the skin.

lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria.

Which is the actively growing part of the nail?

Nail folds

Nail matrix

Nail bed

Nail root

Free edge

Nail matrix

Cerumen is a secretion that

tends to cause acne on the skin of the face.

acts as a pheremone.

lubricates vellus hairs and waterproofs the skin of the limbs.

cools the body through water evaporation.

lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum.

lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum.

Granulation tissue is

vascular connective tissue.

avascular epithelial tissue.

vascular epithelial tissue.

avascular connective tissue.

vascular connective tissue.

The two types of leukocytes that clean up debris underneath the blood clot of a wound are

Merkel cells and dendritic cells.

keratinocytes and macrophages.

fibroblasts and neutrophils.

macrophages and neutrophils.

dendritic cells and keratinocytes.

macrophages and neutrophils.

The epidermis derives from

granulation tissue.

mesoderm.

ectoderm.

mesenchyme.

ectoderm.

Compared to a young adult, an older individual has ________ skin.

thinner

thicker

thinner

Skin cancer is the _______ type of cancer, and due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the __________.

third most common; hands and ears

most common; head and neck

most common; hands and ears

third most common; head and neck

most common; head and neck

Active transport requires

a. an open channel on the surface of the cell

b. a carrier protein on the surface of the cell

c. a receptor within the cell

d. an enzyme within the cell

a carrier protein on the surface of the cell

Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the ___ site

a. a

b. p

c. e

d. b

a

Translation is the synthesis of

a. mRNA from DNA

b. mRNA from proteins

c. proteins from DNA

d. proteins from mRNA

e. proteins from tRNA

proteins from mRNA

When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when

a. molecules of sugar stop moving

b. water and sugar molecules are moving at the same speed.

c. the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution

d. there are the same number of water molecules as dissolved sugar molecules

e. two tablespoons of coffee are added

the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution

The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following?

a. temperature

b. size of molecules

c. steepness of the concentration gradient

d. temperature, size of molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient

e. temperature and size of the molecules only

temperature, size of molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient

Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?

a. small polar molecules

b. small nonpolar molecules

c. large polar molecules

d. large nonpolar molecules

e. large neutral molecules

b. small nonpolar molecules

Microscopic membrane extensions that extend from the plasma membrane are called

a. cilia

b. microvilli

c. flagella

d. mucus

e. desmosomes

b. microvilli

The lysosome contains ____ enzymes

a. photosynthetic

b. anabolic

c. hydrolytic

d. melancholic

e. alcoholic

c. hydrolytic

The type of epithelium that would best allow for rapid diffusion, osmosis or filtration is ____ epithelium

a. pseudostratified columnar

b. transitional

c. stratified squamous

d. simple squamous

d. simple squamous

A thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n)

a. basement membrane

b. apical surface

c. intercellular junction

d. stroma

a. basement membrane

The structure of the spleen and lymph nodes are composed mainly of

a. loose connective tissue

b. hyaline cartilage

c. bone

d. dense regular connective tissue

e. reticular connective tissue

reticular connective tissue

What type of tissue supports epithelium?

a. loose connective tissue

b. hyaline cartilage

c. bone

d. dense regular connective tissue

e. reticular connective tissue

loose connective tissue

Which of the following tissues has cells residing in lacunae?

a. loose connective tissue

b. hyaline cartilage

c. bone

d. dense regular connective tissue

e. reticular connective tissue

hyaline cartilage

Osteocytes are residents of ________ tissue.

a. loose connective tissue

b. hyaline cartilage

c. bone

d. dense regular connective tissue

e. reticular connective tissue

bone

Tendons and ligaments are primarily made of

a. loose connective tissue

b. hyaline cartilage

c. bone

d. dense regular connective tissue

e. reticular connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue

during childhood, an example of ___ occurs when the liver increases in size as the hepatocytes undergo cell division

a. hyperplasia

b. hypertrophy

c. neoplasia

d. hepatoplasia

a. hyperplasia

From which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived?

a. endoderm

b. mesoderm

c. ectoderm

d. mesenchyme

e. the epidermis is derived from all three primary germ layers

c. ectoderm

Which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands?

a. secretes its product into a duct

b. secretes its product to the outside of an epithelium

d. secretions are released by exocytosis

e. secretions are released by rupture of whole cells

e. secretions are released by rupture of whole cells

Which nerve cell process receives incoming signals and transmits them to the cell body?

a. dendrite

b. axon

a. dendrite

the type of epithelial tissue that is only one cel-layer tech is called ____; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called ____

a. stratified; columnar

b. pseudostratified; cuboidal

c. simple; stratified

d. squamous; transitional

c. simple; stratified

Classify the descriptions based on whether they pertain to thin or thick skin

1. found on the palm of the hands,

2. soles of feet

3. do not contain hair follicles

4. contain all 5 epidermal strata

5. contains sebaceous glands

6. does not include the stratum lucidum

7. contains hair follicles

8. found over most of the body

Thick skin: found on palm of the hands, soles of feet, do not contain hair follicles , and contain all 5 epidermal strata

Thin skin: contains sebaceous glands, does not include the stratum lucidum, contains hair follicles, found over most of the body

immune cells found in the epidermis are called

a. epidermal dendritic cells

b. keratinocytes

c. melanocytes

d. adipocytes

a. epidermal dendritic cells

Which of the following are functions of the skin? Check all that apply.

a. Absorption of oils or lipid-soluble chemicals or drugs, such as estrogen or nicotine, through transdermal patches

b. Excretion of sebum that lubricates the skin surface and hair

c. Secretion of the waste product urea during sweating

d. secretion of water and salt during sweating, which plays a role in electrolyte homeostasis

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands? Check all that apply.

A. Sebaceous glands are a form of sudoriferous gland.

B. Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum.

C. Sebaceous glands are modified mammary glands.

D. Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.

A, B , D

another name for the intracellular fluid is

a. intercellular matrix

b. cisternae

c. cytoplasm

d. cytosol

e. interstitial fluid

d. cytosol

In nutrient glycogen is found stored inside a cell, it is considered a(n)

a. membrane-bound organelle

b. non-membrane-bound organelle

c. inclusion

d. pigment

c. inclusion

Glycolipids are found on the:

a. outer layer of the cell membrane, and they help make the sticky sugar coating on its surface.

b. inside of the cell, where they are a source of high-energy nutrition to power mitochondria

c. middle layer of the cell membrane and they function to transmit solutes through the membrane

d. the inner layer of the cell membrane, and they provide scaffold support to the cell membrane.

a. outer layer of the cell membrane, and they help make the sticky sugar coating on its surface.

proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the membrane are called ____ proteins

a. catalytic

b. cytoskeleton

c. identification

d. intercellular attachment

e. transport

e. transport

Cell shrinking, also known as crenation, occurs when a cell is placed into a(n) _________ solution.

a. exergonic

b. isotonic

c. hypotonic

d. hypertonic

d. hypertonic

Which is a passive transport process?

a. ion pump

b. osmosis

c. receptor-medicated endocytosis

d. pinocytosis

e. phagocytosis

b. osmosis

What is an active transport process?

a. osmosis

b. simple diffusion

c. bulk filtration

d. ion pump

e. facilitated diffusion

d. ion pump

During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration.

a. lesser

b. greater

b. greater

the sodium-potassium pump moves both potassium and sodium down their concentration gradients, from higher to lower concentration.

a. true

b. false

b. false

To maintain a resting membrane

potential, the sodium-potassium pump

a. passively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

b. actively transports 3 potassium ions out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell.

c. actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

d. passively transports 3 potassium ions out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell.

c. actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

Removal of old organelles is via a process called

a. filtration

b. autophagy

c. autolysis

d. pinocytosis

e. vascularization

b. autophagy

which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a cell for absorption and secretion?

a.microvilli

b. flagella

c. cilia

d. cilia and microvilli

e. cilia and flagella

a. microvilli

Which are the smallest components of the cytoskeleton?

a. centrosomes

b. microfilaments

c. centrioles

d. microtubules

e. intermediate filaments

b. microfilaments

Because they produce ribosome subunits, one would expect to find large numbers of nucleoli in cells that synthesize

a. proteins

b. steroid hormones.

c. pigments.

d. energy sources.

e. solubility-enhancing substances.

a. proteins

Which statement is accurate?

a. A sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin.

b. Human cells contain 46 genes; another name for a gene is a nucleosome.

c. Each nucleotide in a gene is bound by hydrogen to the next nucleotide in the sequence; chromatin is a nitrogenous base.

d. DNA is made up entirely of genes; a chromosome is the unwoven form of chromatin.

a. A sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin.

The E site of a ribosome is where

a. the tRNA exits the ribosome

b. the polypeptide elongates

c. new amino acids enter the ribosome

a. the tRNA exits the ribosomes

The term "codon" refers to

a. the part of a rRNA molecule where a new amino acid is added

b. the part of tRNA that is a triplet of bases that forms hydrogen bonds with complementary sequences

c. a three-base sequence of mRNA

d. an amino acid that is coded for by three bases of DNA.

c. a three-base sequence of mRNA