AP Bio : Unit 2

Ribosomes

do protein synthesis

Ribosomes picture

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Smooth or rough, in the cytoplasm

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

has ribosomes, helps w/ protein synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) picture

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

helps lipid synthesis, detoxophyies

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) picture

golgi complex

refines, folds, modifies protein packs protein for transport

golgi complex picture 

vesicle

envelopes protein out of ribosome→transports to golgi complex→transports out of cell

mitocondria

makes ATP, does aerobic resperation

mitocondria picture

lysosome

digestion and waste removal enzymes

lysosome picture

vacuole 

storage,     only in plants

vacuole picture

chloroplast

does photosynthesis, only in plants

chloroplast picture

nucleolus

makes ribosomes

nucleolus picture

all cells have…

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, chromosomes

plasma/cell membrane

lipid bilayer, structure of cells, maintains cellular homeostasis

small SA:V ratio

high metabolism, eat a lot, loose heat fast

large SA:V ratio

low metabolism, retain lots of heat

when SA:V gets large…

cells split to be small again

fluid mosaic model structure

phospholipids, protein, cholertral, glycoproteins, glycolipids

fluid mosaic model picture

phospholipid structure

phosphate heads face out, fatty acid tails face in

phospholipid picture

selectively permeability

phospholipid membrane regulates movement of things in and out of cells

embedded proteins

transport, cell recognition, signal transportation

cholesteral

in between phospholipids in the bilayer, regulates membrane rigidity 

glycoprotein

cell recognition & communication in cell membrane, fused to heads

glycolipd

cell recognition & communication in cell membrane, fused to tails

membrane transport : small np

small non polar molecules allowed through

membrane transport : large charged

need proteins to move them through membrane via protein channel

prokaryotic cells

‘primitive’ cell, no membrane bound organelles

eukaryotic cells

compartmentalized prokaryotic cells, membrane bound organelles

prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells by…

endosymbiosis doing compartmentalization of the prokaryotic cell

aqueous

water like

intracellular metabolic processes

synthesis and breakdown processes in the cell

plant cell walls made from

made of cellulose

fungi cell walls made from

chitin and carb+protein

bacteria cell walls made from

peptoglycan and carb+protein

endocytosis/exocytosis

molecules entering or exiting the cell via vesicles, requires ATP

active transport

requires ATP, substance movement against the concentration grain

passive transport

diffusion (small np) or facilitated diffusion (uses protein channels) with the concentration grain

hypertonic

lower concentration of water inside cell

hypotonic

higher concentration of water inside cell, plants prefer this(makes them rigid)

tonic

water inside and outside cell is =

water potential

=pressure potential+solute potential, concentration of water in a solution

pressure potential

pressure put on a solution based on how its stored

solute potential

measure of how solute impacts water in a solution

ץ=-iCRT i is….

i=1 if sucrose in solution i=2 if NaCl in solution

glucose is transported in and out of cells by…

glutes (facilitated diffusion)