Marine science U8 Test

1\.      COMPARE/CONTRAST PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES.

* Prokaryotes (bacteria) do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria or chloroplasts (Examples are Kingdom Archaea and Kingdom EuBacteria
* Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (Examples: Kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista)

1\.      WHAT ARE DECAY BACTERIA? REVIEW ITS CHARACTERISTICS.

\-        Break down dead organic matter forming detritus

1\.      WHAT ARE CHEMOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA? REVIEW ITS CHARACTERISTICS.

\-        derive energy from chemical compounds (often found near hydrothermal vents)

1\.      COMPARE/CONTRAST AUTOTROPHS AND HETEROTROPHS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.

* Autotrophs make their own energy (Examples: photosynthetic organisms and chemosynthetic organisms)
* Heterotrophs acquire energy from eating other animals

1\.      WHAT BUILDING BLOCK DISCOVERED THAT NOT ALL ARCHAEA ARE EXTREMOPHILES?

\-        Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) detected that some archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria, discovering that not all archaea are extremophiles.

1\.      SILICA IS THE PRIMARY COMPONENT OF WHICH ORGANISM’S SHELL?

The phytoplankton, Diatom, have a shell made of silica

1\.      WHAT ORGANISM IS CONSIDERED TO BE AN EXTREMOPHILE (LIVES IN HARSH CONDITIONS)?

\-        Archaea are mostly seen as extremophiles

WHAT IS A MARINE FUNGI? REVIEW ITS CHARACTERISTICS.

\-        Marine fungi (heterotrophic organisms) can form a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria, this is known as a Lichen and is usually found on rocky shores. Lichens can survive being exposed to air for long periods of time.

1\.      WHAT IS A PROTOZOAN? REVIEW ITS CHARACTERISTICS.

\-        Some Protozoans are heterotrophic, some are autotrophs, they are unicellular, usually classified as protists (Example: Zooplankton)

1\.      WHAT IS AN AUXOSPORE?

\-        An auxospore is a reproductive cell for diatoms

1\.      WHAT IS A DINOFLAGELLATE? WHAT UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS DO THEY POSSESS?

* 2 flagella phytoplankton, many with the ability to create their own light (bioluminescence)
* If there is a lot of nutrients in the water, like diatoms, dinoflagellates they can create a algae bloom (could release toxins harming fish and humans)

1\.      COMPARE/CONTRAST MACROALGAE AND PHYTOPLANKTON.

* Macroalgae: seaweeds (red, green, and brown), multicellular
* Phytoplankton: microalgae (diatoms, dinoflagellates) unicellular

1\.      WHAT ARE GREEN ALGAE? REVIEW ITS CHARACTERISTICS.

\-        Closest to actual plants, store energy as starch, they contain cellulose in cell walls, most green algae live in fresh water only about 10% marine

1\.      REVIEW THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF MACROALGAE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.

* Thallus: body of the seaweeds
* Holdfast: root-like structure
* Stipe: stem-like structure
* blade: leave-like structure
* Pneumatocysts: gas bladders that help the blades float to the surface

1\.      WHAT IS AN ENCRUSTING ALGAE? WHERE ARE THEY TYPICALLY FOUND?

\-        Red algae (Coralline Algae) looks like coral; found in both warm and cold waters; find them on rocks

1\.      WHAT ARE MARINE FLOWERING PLANTS? HOW DO THEY REPRODUCE?

\-        Angiosperms, have true leaves, stems, and roots, and reproduce by seeds

1\.      WHAT ARE MANGROVES? WHERE ARE THEY TYPICALLY FOUND?

\-        Subtropical homes to flowering plants that are found in coastal areas that are well protected from wave actions

A MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTE THAT ARE HETEROTROPHS THAT FORM HYPHAE ARE KNOWN AS

fungi

1\.      WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE TERM ALTERATION OF GENERATIONS?

\-        A life history with two generations, a sporophyte and a gametophyte 

1\.      A SALT TOLERANT PLANT IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS?

\-        halophyte

1\.      REVIEW SEAWEEDS AND FLOWERING PLANTS IN TERMS OF SHARED AND DIFFERING CHARACTERISTICS.

\-        They are both primary producers, they both contain chlorophyll, they are both multicellular, they are both eukaryotes

1\.      WHAT KIND OF RESPIRATION EXISTS FOR BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA?

\-        Both could be either aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen)

1\.      WHAT IS A LICHEN? WHAT CHARACTERISTICS DOES IT POSSESS THAT IS ADVANTAGEOUS DURING TIDAL CYCLES?

\-        Marine fungi (heterotrophic organisms) can form a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria, this is known as a Lichen and is usually found on rocky shores. Lichens can survive being exposed to air for long periods of time.

1\.      THE TERM USED TO CLASSIFY ZOOXANTHELLAE?

\-        Zooxanthellae is a type of dinoflagellate that lives symbiotically with coral

1\.      COMPARE ALGAE AND BACTERIA IN TERMS OF SHARED AND UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS FOR EACH.

\-        Both are primary producers and photosynthetic