SCIENCE LESSON 1 1ST QUATER GR10

Crust

Thin, solid outer layer

Mantle

Thick, solid but plastic-like layer that flows slowly. Source of convection

Outer Core

Liquid layer of iron and nickel. Generates Earth's magnetic field.

Inner Core

Solid, extremely hot and dense ball of iron and nickel.

Lithosphere

The rigid outer shell of the Earth (crust and upper mantle). Broken into tectonic plates

Asthenosphere

The softer, flowing layer of the mantle below the lithosphere. Tectonic plates move on top of this layer

Alfred Wegener

The theory of continental drift is proposed by

Theory of Continental Drift

Proposed that continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since drifted apart.

Pangaea

Proposed that continents were once joined in a supercontinent called ______ and have since drifted apart.

Fossil matches, rock type and structure matches, continental jigsaw fit

What is the evidence of the theory of continental drift

Harry Hess

Seafloor spreading is proposed by who?

Seafloor Spreading

Molten material (magma) rises at mid-ocean ridges, creating new oceanic crust and pushing older crust aside. This provides a mechanism for continental drift

Plate Tectonics

The theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates that are in constant, slow motion driven by convection currents in the mantle.

Divergent

This is where plates move apart. Mid- ocean ridges, rift valleys, volcanoes, earthquakes. The examples is Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East African rift

Convergent

Plates move together

Transform

Plates slide past each other

Folded Mountains

: Formed by the crumpling of rock layers at convergent boundaries

Fault-Block Mountains

Formed by the tilting and sliding of large crustal blocks along faults.

Dome Mountains

Formed by the upwarping of rock layers by rising magma that doesn't break the surface.

Volcanic Mountains

Formed by the accumulation of lava and volcanic materials.

The Water Cycle

The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.

Point Source Pollution

Comes from a single, identifiable source (e.g., factory pipe, oil spill)

Non-Point Source Pollution

Comes from many diffuse sources (e.g., fertilizer and pesticide runoff from farms, urban runoff).

Waterborne Diseases

Caused by biological agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites) in contaminated water. Silt is a physical pollutant, not a biological one.

Global Water Issues

A significant portion of the global population lacks access to safe drinking water. Conservation and protection of water resources are important.

less dense and rise

Heat from the core causes mantle material to become ____________ This circular motion is a convection current.

it cools, becomes denser, and sinks back down

As it nears the lithosphere it ____________ This circular motion is a convection current.

Chemical Discharge

Releasing untreated toxic chemicals, heavy metals (e.g., mercury, lead), and solvents directly into waterways

Thermal Pollution

: Discharging hot water from cooling processes, which decreases oxygen levels and harms aquatic life.

Oil Spills

Accidental release of petroleum products during extraction or transport

Non-Point Runoff

Picking up pollutants from industrial sites during rain