CCE: Psych Assessment

Norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, and self-referenced scores.

The scores provided by most tests can be categorized as:

What do norm-referenced scores allow for?

Comparisons between an examinee's test performance and the performance of individuals in the norm group.

Examples of norm-referenced scores?

percentile ranks and standard scores

How do criterion-referenced scores interpret an examinee's performance?

Permit interpreting an examinee’s test performance with regard to an external criterion.

What do self-referenced scores permit?

Intraindividual comparisons, allowing comparisons of an examinee's score on one scale with scores on other scales.

What is the focus of behavioral assessment?

Overt and covert behaviors, utilizing techniques like behavioral interviews and observation to gain an understanding of particular behaviors

What is functional behavioral assessment (FBA)?

A type of behavioral assessment that identifies and alters antecedents and consequences maintaining undesirable behavior.

What is dynamic assessment?

An evaluation method derived from Vygotsky's approach that involves deviation from standardized testing to gather more information about an examinee. It involves a more interactive approach to determine if the examinee is likely to benefit from additional instruction or support.

What does 'testing the limits' in dynamic assessment involve?

Providing additional cues, suggestions, or feedback after standard test administration.

What distinguishes actuarial predictions from clinical predictions?

Actuarial predictions are based on empirically validated relationships, while clinical predictions rely on intuition and experience.

Which prediction method is generally found to be more accurate?

The actuarial method.

According to Kanfer, Eyberg, and Krahn, what are the two important goals when working with children?

establish rapport and maintain the child’s cooperation

What are the two types of intelligence proposed by Horn and Cattell?

Crystallized intelligence (Gc) and fluid intelligence (Gf).

What characterizes crystallized intelligence?

Acquired knowledge and skills affected by educational and cultural experiences.

What is fluid intelligence?

Intelligence that does not depend on specific instruction and enables solving novel problems.

What is the difference between convergent and divergent thinking according to Guilford?

Convergent thinking relies on logical reasoning for a single correct solution, while divergent thinking involves creativity for multiple solutions.

What does Sternberg's triarchic theory define as successful intelligence?

The ability to adapt to, modify, and choose environments that accomplish one's goals and societal goals.

What are the three abilities proposed in Sternberg's triarchic theory?

Analytical, creative, and practical abilities.

What is Spearman's two-factor theory?

It posits a general intellectual factor (g) and specific factors (s) unique to each cognitive task.

What does Carroll's three-stratum theory distinguish?

Three levels or strata of intelligence.

What is the primary focus of traditional intelligence tests according to Sternberg?

They primarily focus on analytical ability.

How does fluid intelligence differ from crystallized intelligence?

Fluid intelligence is culture-free and involves solving new problems, while crystallized intelligence is based on learned knowledge.

What is the role of behavioral interviews in behavioral assessment?

They are one of the techniques used to assess overt and covert behaviors.

What is the significance of the general intellectual factor (g) in Spearman's theory?

It is a common factor that influences performance across various cognitive tasks.

What is Stratum III in the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities?

represents general intelligence (g).

What does Stratum II consist of in the CHC theory?

consists of eight broad abilities, including fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and general memory and learning.

What is the relationship between Stratum I and Stratum II in the CHC theory?

Stratum I consists of specific abilities linked to the broad abilities in Stratum II.

What is the significance of McGrew's Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory?

It combines elements of the Horn-Cattell and Carroll approaches, distinguishing between ten broad-stratum level abilities and over 70 narrow-stratum abilities.

Why does McGrew omit general intelligence (g) from his theory?

He believes that g does not contribute to psychoeducational assessment practice.

What are the eight types of cognitive ability according to Gardner's Multiple Intelligences theory?

Linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

What does Gardner argue about the nature of intelligences?

He contends that everyone possesses all intelligences to some degree and that they can be developed through appropriate learning experiences.

What is the Flynn Effect?

refers to the observed increase in IQ test scores over the past 70 years, averaging at least three IQ points per decade, primarily due to increases in fluid intelligence.

What recent trend has been observed regarding the Flynn Effect?

Recent research suggests that the Flynn effect has reversed in some countries, including the U.S., particularly for individuals with IQs of 110 and above.

How does aging affect intelligence and processing speed?

Increasing age is associated with a decline in processing speed and fluid intelligence, though some declines may be reversed with training and practice.

What did the Seattle Longitudinal Study find about age-related declines in IQ?

It found that a cross-sectional design is more likely to show early age-related declines in IQ due to cohort effects, while a cross-sequential design showed only perceptual speed declined significantly before age 60.

What are slope and intercept biases in testing?

Slope bias occurs when validity coefficients differ for different groups, while intercept bias occurs when mean scores differ despite similar validity coefficients and criterion performance.

What is the age range for the SB5 (Stanford-Binet, Fifth Edition) intelligence test?

2:0 to 85+.

What are the five cognitive factors included in the SB5 model of intelligence?

Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory.

How does the SB5 test administration adapt to the examinee's cognitive level?

It uses two routing subtests (Object Series/Matrices and Vocabulary) to determine the appropriate starting point for the remaining subtests.

What are the mean and standard deviation for the Full Scale IQ and Factor scores in the SB5?

The mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 15.

What are the mean and standard deviation for the subtest scores in the SB5?

The mean is 10 and the standard deviation is 3.

What is the age range for the WAIS-IV?

16:0 to 90:11

What does the WAIS-IV provide scores for?

Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), four Indexes (Working Memory, Verbal Comprehension, Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning), and 10 core and five supplemental subtests.

What are the mean and standard deviation for FSIQ and Index scores in WAIS-IV?

Mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15.

What is the age range for the WISC-V?

6:0 to 16:11.

What are the Primary Index Scales measured by the WISC-V?

Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed.

What is the KABC-II designed for?

It measures cognitive ability for children ages 3:0 through 18:11 and is culture-fair.

What models can be used to interpret KABC-II scores?

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model or Luria's neuropsychological processing model.

What does the PPVT-4 measure?

Receptive vocabulary.

What is the age range for the PPVT-4?

2:6 to 90+ years.

What is the purpose of the Leiter-3 test?

It is a culture-fair measure of cognitive abilities for individuals aged 3 to 75+ years.

What cognitive domains does the Leiter-3 evaluate?

Visualization, reasoning, memory, and attention.

What is Raven's Progressive Matrices used for?

It is a nonverbal measure of general intelligence (g) and is considered multicultural.

What are the two versions of Raven's Progressive Matrices?

Standard Progressive Matrices and Colored Progressive Matrices.

What is the age range for the Colored Progressive Matrices?

5:0 to 11:0.

What is Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM)?

Periodic assessment of school-aged children with brief standardized measures of basic academic skills reflecting the current school curriculum.

What is Performance-Based Assessment (PBA)?

An assessment method that involves observing and judging a pupil's skill in carrying out a physical activity or producing a product.

What is a limitation of Performance-Based Assessment (PBA)?

It might reflect prior knowledge and experience rather than what was learned in the current class.

What are Multiple Aptitude Test Batteries?

Tests or subtests that each measure a different aptitude.

What are the primary uses of multiple aptitude batteries?

They are used for educational and vocational counseling of high school and college students, as well as in selection and placement programs by state employment agencies and the armed services.

What is a shortcoming of many multiple aptitude batteries?

They often lack adequate differential validity, meaning the subtests do not have different levels of validity for different criterion groups.

What does differential validity mean in the context of multiaptitude batteries?

It is desirable when each test or subtest has different validity coefficients for each criterion group.

What is the undesirable aspect of differential validity in job selection?

It occurs when a predictor has different validity coefficients for different groups of individuals, such as men and women.

What is the purpose of the ITPA-3?

The Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Third Edition, evaluates a child's linguistic strengths and weaknesses, assists in diagnosing dyslexia, and tracks progress from interventions.

What does the Strong Interest Inventory measure?

It provides scores on General Occupational Themes, Basic Interest Scales, Occupational Scales, and Personal Styles Scales.

How were the Occupational Scales of the Strong Interest Inventory developed?

They were developed using an empirical criterion keying strategy.

What is the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey designed for?

It is designed for high school juniors and seniors, college students, and adults.

How does the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey differ from the Strong tests?

It does not include a general reference group; instead, it selects items that distinguish between different occupational groups.

What do the Dependability Indices in the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey check?

They check the validity of an examinee's responses.

What are the six themes classified by Holland in the Self-Directed Search?

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC).

What does the MMPI-3's L Scale indicate?

A high score indicates an attempt to present oneself in a favorable light. Detect intentional under-reporting.

What does a high score on the MMPI-3's F Scale suggest?

It suggests response carelessness or an attempt to 'fake bad'.

What does a high score on the MMPI-3's K Scale indicate?

It indicates defensiveness or an attempt to 'fake good'.

How are scores on the MMPI-3 reported?

Scores are reported as T-scores, which have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

What T-score is considered clinically significant on the MMPI-3?

65 or higher.

What is profile analysis in the context of the MMPI-3?

It involves interpreting the examinee's two or three highest scale scores.

What is the purpose of the Vocational Interest Estimates (VIEs) in the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey?

They provide an overview of interests in ten broad areas similar to Holland's occupational themes.

How many Occupational Scales does the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey include?

109 Occupational Scales (65 male, 44 female).

What indicates dissimilarity of interests in the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey?

A coefficient of less than 45.

What are the College Major Scales in the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey?

They include 40 scales (22 for males, 18 for females).

What are the Big Five personality traits assessed by the NEO Personality Inventory-3?

Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience.

What facets are included under neuroticism in the NEO Personality Inventory-3?

Anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability to stress.

What is the purpose of the Problems in Living Checklist in the NEO-PI-3?

To help clinicians identify appropriate treatments and monitor treatment progress.

What are the two phases of administration for the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

Free association and inquiry.

What categories are typically scored in the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

Location, determinants, form quality, content, and popularity/frequency of occurrence.

What does the 'location' category in Rorschach scoring refer to?

Where in the inkblot the examinee's perception is located (whole blot, common detail, or unusual detail).

What are 'determinants' in the context of Rorschach scoring?

What in the inkblot determined the examinee's response (form, movement, color, shading).

How is 'form quality' assessed in Rorschach scoring?

By how similar the examinee's perception is to the actual shape of the inkblot.

What does 'content' refer to in Rorschach scoring?

The category the perception falls into (human, animal, or nature).

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) based on?

Murray's theory of needs.

What does the examinee do in the Thematic Apperception Test?

Makes up a story about each vague black-and-white picture presented.

What is the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery used for?

To detect brain damage and determine its severity and possible location.

What does the Halstead Impairment Index indicate?

Ranges from 0 to 1.0, with higher scores indicating greater impairment.

What is the Bender-Gestalt II used to measure?

Visual-motor integration and as a screening tool for neuropsychological impairment.

How many stimulus cards are included in the Bender-Gestalt II?

16 stimulus cards consisting of geometric figures.

What are the two phases of administration in the Bender-Gestalt II?

Copy phase and recall phase.

What does the Global Scoring System in the Bender-Gestalt II evaluate?

The overall quality of an examinee's designs during both phases using a rating scale from 0 to 4.

What does a score of 0 indicate in the Global Scoring System of the Bender-Gestalt II?

No resemblance.

What does a score of 4 indicate in the Global Scoring System of the Bender-Gestalt II?

Nearly perfect resemblance.

What is the significance of the MMPI-3 T-scores?

They are used to interpret the psychological profile of the examinee.